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Batako - Hasil Terjemahan dari Wikipedia English

2011-11-08T23:16:00.000-08:00

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Ceramah MP3· Abu Haidar · Banyaknya Jalan Kebaikan

2011-11-08T01:40:00.000-08:00

Ceramah · Abu Haidar · Banyaknya Jalan Kebaikan

Tersedia Pinjaman Lunak untuk Kuliah - KOMPAS.com

2011-10-10T01:25:00.000-07:00

Tersedia Pinjaman Lunak untuk Kuliah - KOMPAS.com

Kenangan Pejuang: Ceramah · Abdullah Zaen · Kajian Kitab Usuulus Sun...

2011-08-20T19:40:00.000-07:00

Kenangan Pejuang: Ceramah · Abdullah Zaen · Kajian Kitab Usuulus Sun...: Ceramah · Abdullah Zaen · Kajian Kitab Usuulus Sunnah, Imam Ahmad bin Hambal

Kenangan Pejuang: Ceramah · Subhan Bawazier · Ad-Daa' wa ad-Dawaa'

2011-08-20T19:39:00.001-07:00

Kenangan Pejuang: Ceramah · Subhan Bawazier · Ad-Daa' wa ad-Dawaa': Ceramah · Subhan Bawazier · Ad-Daa' wa ad-Dawaa'

Kenangan Pejuang: Ceramah · Aris Munandar · Kitabul Adab

2011-08-20T19:39:00.000-07:00

Kenangan Pejuang: Ceramah · Aris Munandar · Kitabul Adab: Ceramah · Aris Munandar · Kitabul Adab

Kenangan Pejuang: Fwd: New AdSense interface enabled for your accoun...

2010-12-01T14:04:00.000-08:00

Kenangan Pejuang: Fwd: New AdSense interface enabled for your accoun...: "---------- Forwarded message ----------From: Google AdSense Date: Wed, 17 Nov 2010 19:35:25 -0600Subject: New Ad..."

16 SEO Tips from an employee of Yahoo!

2009-06-30T00:22:00.000-07:00

SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is the task of adjusting the information in the pages of a site that is intended to appear on top of the results of Internet search engines.

The following are tips from Darryl Peddlar, an employee of Yahoo!, To make the SEO is more effective:

1. Register your domain for 2 to 5 years, not a single year.
2. Evita register multiple domains with hyphens, like this: www.el-blog.com best-domain would be a better type: www.elmejorblog.com is rather seen by the search engines
3. Try to get links from relevant blogs, websites of relevance (high pagerank with good traffic) and directories as fast as possible sites for new and old.
4. Who linked notes (no links to anyone) and never participated in an exchange of links with sites that do not have related content.
5. Always have a plan ready to update your site regularly with new content featured content interspersed (for example in the home) regularly. This will increase the activity of the search robots and make faster updates of your site is indexed faster your posts or pages.
6. Use Yahoo webmaster tool is Yahoo! Site Explorer to monitor the site to see how many pages are indexed, and analyze the links to your site (and your competition)
7. Wrote articles or posts that are of quality and 100% original and you should send them to article directories, but not spam.
8. Deaberias use of press releases and send them to places such as press releases and entirely in Spanish with a PageRank of 4.
9. Never try to buy ROS (run of site links) if you want to rank well in Google, especially with a new site. (ROS A link is a link that is placed on each page of a site, like a footer or navigation bar)
10. I built links and send them to your directory gradually. Mix the link text (anchor text) of your inbound links with your 5 or 6 keywords / key phrases and key words / phrases of key categories
11. Standard on page SEO is sufficient (such as titles that include your key words, h1 tags for headers, static URLs, proper structure of internal links, sitemaps, content depth, content of articles focused on the search tail pagerank and redirecting to the page category)
12. Avoid forums that talk about search engines as these are areas where beginners with no experience in SEO launch false rumors, or false, and this advice may lead you to failure. Best is to read quality articles.
13. Read the blog of Matt Cutts, Search Engine Watch, Search Engine Land and other experts for additional information.
14. Invests in the professional tools appropriate for SEO (if you have money for that) and avoids the "tools-of-day" to generate spam.
15. Avoid self pages at any cost. That also is not well seen by the visitors do not like the search engines.
16. Have a long-term plan for SEO and content. The long-term, always unique and valuable to defeat spam at the time.

by Viva

10 business tips

2009-06-24T22:46:00.000-07:00

1. As a starting point, review and adjust the calendar year. Should prioritize and choose the most useful in terms of economic viability, social responsibility or position.
2. Focus on what you can do better. Leadership in products and services, uniqueness or innovation, good customer management, cost efficiency ... It is necessary to be good in all of them but to improve the competitiveness must be strengthened even more the strengths of the organization.
3. Markedly different from that of everyday innovation: finding new and better ways of working. It is not only major investments in R & D, but in a different way of thinking and be constantly generating ideas regarding the management of labor.
4. Flexibility to restructure and fixed costs. To do so, to implement programs to reduce costs is key to correctly identify where and how you can make a reduction of costs and how they can modify the cost of management without impairment.
5. Increase productivity of assets. Organizations must optimize their assets and find them the best performance. You have to analyze the situation and eliminate non-productive assets or those which are insufficiently productive.
6. Adopt a conservative attitude on the finances. Avoid aggressive financial management and investments. Markets become volatile and the credit, foreign exchange markets and the general economic situation will increase.
7. Identify and motivate key managers to the company. Without people there is no business, and in times of crisis, inevitably identifies the key management team which has to retain at all costs, and encourage her to work as a team. Is a differential value.
8. Extend and expand markets. Though it may seem a contradiction, the hard times help companies find new market segments that would otherwise not seek, or forces them to move forward once the expansion projects that are often postponed. If the target market is narrow, so it must be extended immediately.
9. Generate profit and social sustainability. We must integrate the three pillars of current development organizations: economic growth, social progress and environmental aspects. This should create opportunities for professionals to develop their skills and attitudes most effectively. A long-term vision is key to achieving this goal.
10. Have a positive thought and think that the best is yet to come. Times of crisis created new opportunities for work and who have managed to position itself better and to anticipate those who have known and acted accordingly.

TRAINING

2009-06-22T04:44:00.000-07:00

This article is written for all those mid-level athletes whose purpose is to shape your body, set up your image, while improving their health and ability to do sports.

Athletes who have followed this custom program, so regular, we have achieved tremendous results.

The specialization has been developed after much work, many tests and a long time, and undoubtedly is one of the best training programs that can make healthy people with at least two months after general training.

Conseguireis improve your health, strength, speed, strength, balance, coordination, agility and many other attributes, while conseguis a rare physical gesture and athletic, but muscle fiber, fat free and highly oxygenated and in shape.

Sample weekly plan for 2 months:

Sunday: resistance training, at least 45 minutes of aerobic activity (run continuously, cycling, rowing, swimming ...).

Monday: Rest.

Tuesday: Training speed racing (progressions) + + abdominal stretching.

Wednesday: Rest.

Thursday: Training speed racing (progressions) + + abdominal stretching.

Friday: 2 tours 15 minutes of weights of each specific work of twins + + stretching.

Saturday: Rest.

During program development, nutrition also plays a role as important or more than the training itself, as to the physical and aesthetic sports are concerned.

Author: Manuel Gil Use
Personal trainer and fitness enthusiast
Alcobendas, Madrid

10 tips lose weight

2009-06-20T00:17:00.000-07:00

Creeping increases fat on the thighs and hips, which are constantly more and more pounds. It's nice to slow, heavy and take a precautionary and not the hated scales. But at some point is not wholly or mirrors bashfully away.

What to do! Slimming! But how?

It is so difficult to meet the famous and infamous "pig heart dog" to overcome and eat less. "Eat less" is a joke in itself, especially the ham and cheese sandwiches for lunch, not even the word "food" has been won. Hunger in the night, so it is logical and justified. You say. But the evening meal, a pound ...

But the power so that we know very clearly, is known as the barrel and not like the idea. But how we do it, to be slim and elegant figure also kept permanently?

Diet instructions and there are like sand in the sea. What we have here today, however, pointed out, is not new wisdom, but some valuable tips from a real success story.

Before you decide anything on their bacon rolls that do, you should just feel really ready. This is because we are so missgelaunt after looking in the mirror that is simply no buts IFS and wanted a change. Without the inner attitude and committed a specific goal in mind always that "fall" and in his old schedule back tilt.

It is therefore necessary to promote themselves and there are the following tips:

Tip 1:
Insert a small notebook to jot down all the foods you eat during the day. DIY task kalorienärmere products with less fat to eat. Especially avoid fatty foods. One percent of yogurt relieves hunger, as well as a three and you give your fat cells, no food.

Tip 2:
Look also for a low-calorie beverage products. Do you drink tap water - the best 3-4 liters a day. Even that can curb hunger and schwemmt toxins from your body.

Tip 3:
Try night little or nothing to eat better. You will see how good you are on the next morning you feel. The stomach is flatter and is really hungry for a good breakfast.

Tip 4:
Once you are craving for something sweet, because it is not complete. Enjoy a rib or chocolate, if you no longer suffer. It's better now and a little treat, as they fall off after three weeks of extreme punishment for a large bar of chocolate, and destroyed it completely. So only the bad conscience and the great end of all good intentions to pull and run back to the old grind.

Tip 5:
Do not forget, despite the reduced calorie diet balanced diet. Balanced means that the particular diet with vitamin-fortified fruit, vegetables, dairy and other foods rich in fiber, and not "dead" the calories in the form of rolls of ham and cheese should be taken.

Tip 6:
Try two to three times a week for the sport. First sport distracts from the food and sports once did something, then it is no longer so hungry.

If you are a carrier type, it is recommended that, in a gym einzuschreiben. Even if there are three times a week for 1 hour only on the stationary bike and pedal to the media and effective burning of calories.

Tip 7:
Write down these training sessions and in your notebook! You see the great motivator and makes you proud of each training session. And as I said, if only one quarter of an hour or three hours in the coach house is: It will work!

Tip 8:
To avoid the temptation, sports activities, to push, the calendar is in its days of training before the revision to remember. For example Monday, Wednesday and Friday. As you can already happened in the morning to set it at night is 1 hour by train.

Tip 9:
It's best if your bag and training in the morning in the car to and from the unit directly to the fitness center. That can not happen that you come home and after reading the newspaper acquire knowledge that is short today, but now not for his body to do ... Excuses can be found quickly so that those who own conscience trying. Finally, yes, even cutting the grass or on the floor appeared ...

The grass and soil can wait! Doing something for yourself! In a few weeks you will be rewarded for their discipline receive!

Tip 10:
According to experts, should be within three weeks of not more than 1.5 kilos off. Rapid thinning elsewhere has overflowed its skin is not an opportunity to slowly return to form.

Believe me: You learn after a while conscious of eating the body hineinzuhören if you really hungry or just bored out of habit or something to eat.

Fourteen pounds, the protagonist of my story of success with this method within six months of decline - and keeps the weight off in size 36 clothes for five years.

The real "bite" will help you through this month to remain constant and will be rewarded in the sense that it is "easier" life ing!

However, if you follow these tips, even after a few days as a newborn human being and feel in a few weeks or months, the result can be seen clearly. We will ensure that the form of thin, but have become - and you shine!

Hypertension and weight loss

2009-06-16T21:10:00.000-07:00

Strap is interested in lifestyle can allow people outside mantenres health systems. This applies to individuals and health systems. Being overweight is a bad thing for several reasons, one of which is that obesity is associated with high blood pressure. 51 Bandolera presented a report which showed that weight loss and salt restriction for patients who may need antihypertensive drugs that no longer needed. Another randomized controlled trial and large now reinforces this message by emphasizing that weight loss reduces blood pressure and helps prevent people from becoming patient s [1].
Study
Were just under 1,200 participants. Overweight with a body mass index of 25 to 37 (media31), with an average weight of 99 kg for men and women to 84 kg. They exercise once or twice a week, and their systolic blood pressure was 127 mmHg and 86 mmHg diastolic. No one had been treated for hypertension at baseline, or diabetes, kidney disease, or cardiovascular disease. Their average age was 43 years.

Were randomized to a group of weight loss and other routine care. The weight loss was a reduction target of 4.5 kg during the first six months, during the following 30 months. They were given 14 sessions of individual counseling group sessions followed, and then six sessions fortnightly, then monthly sessions. Other options were available after 18 meses.La behavioral intention was a self-controlling food and daily activities. The dietary intervention focused on reducing consumption of fat, sugar and alcohol. The goal was a calorie intake that would allow the individual to lose weight, although discouraged a weight loss of more than 0.9 kg a week. Weight and blood pressure were measured every six months by staff blind to the allocated treatment. Follow-up was over 90%.
Results
The control group of 596 patients gradually increased their average weight just under 2 kg throughout the 36 months. The intervention group lost an average of 4.4 kg during the first six months, but gradually increased in weight so that the 36 months the average was just under 0.2 kg weight, but below 2 kg the control group. The intervention group had a mean reduction of systolic blood pressure of 2.7 mmHg below control for six months, and 0.9 mmHg for 36 months. Blood pressure is strongly associated with the extent and duration of weight loss. For example, blood pressure at 36 months was much smaller in those who achieved and maintained a weight loss of at least 4.4 kg, but this reduction was minimal and even increased in those who did not lose weight or gained weight (Figure).

Figure: Change in blood pressure by Quintiles of weight loss to 36 months

* For those with weight loss at six and 36 months was 2.5 kg or less, there was no change in blood pressure.
* For those who initially lost 4.5 kg or more for six months, but where the weight loss at 36 months was less than 2.5 kg, the initial reduction in blood pressure was not maintained.
* For those who suffered a weight loss of 4.5 kg at least six months and maintained this loss, he remained an initial drop of the media the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 8 or 9 mm Hg.

The weight loss also prevented the onset of hypertension defined as a systolic blood pressure of at least 140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or prescription of antihypertensive medications. The relative risk (whatever that is) was significantly below 1 for the intervention compared with the control group. Mantes is achieved when the weight loss and compared with control, the relative risk was 0.35 (95% CI 0.2 to 0.6).
Commentary
There was a direct dose-response relationship. Stand there and lose more weight and lower your blood pressure falls more and more time will be maintained. This is important information for young people (43 years) and overweight people in poor physical condition with established hypertension. The lesson is that if you do not act more weight gain, increased blood pressure and needed antihypertensive medications.

This is not always good, even if it is effective because the efficiency has a price. Without sentrse a very different moves from one person to be a patient. The drugs have side effects and these are problematic for many people.

Weight loss and exercise is a good way to prevent them. Another good example of the benefits of living healthy. Question is. Maybe we need a little health economic model to demonstrate the social and personal benefits of putting more effort into developing a health service rather than a disease.
Reference

1. Stevens VJ et al. Long term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the trials of hypertension prevention, phase II Annals of Internal Medicine 2001 134: 1-11.

Translated by Torrecillas Amparo Rojas original url http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band84/b84-4.html

Audi Peugeot attack

2009-06-15T05:48:00.000-07:00

Endurance

Even before the start of the 77th edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, a deleterious climate has already installed following the formal complaint made by Peugeot with the Audi. The case has been brewing for 12 hours of Sebring, won last March by the new Audi R15 TDI. "At that time, our claim was prepared but the Automobile Club de l'Ouest had committed to the need to test Mancelle here," said Olivier Quesnel, head of Peugeot Sport.

Agents, manufacturers recruit

2009-06-14T05:41:00.000-07:00

Between retirements, aging park and open points, manufacturers recruiting agents. They even deploy their own strategy in this context, to try to recover lost workshops, or who have settled in other lands ...

Two major problems troubling networks mark the past few years. First of all, manufacturers are struggling to replace retiring officers. Two main reasons. First, the shortage of candidates in the proper sense. The decrease structural repairers in France undoubtedly affects the development of trade networks. Moreover, the increasing complexity of vehicles has proved a double-edged sword for brands. Thus, those who tried to lock their after-sales service by allowing access to their computers only repairers were confronted with a complex problem ... Oldest agents close to retirement, have hesitated logically to invest heavily in diagnostic equipment. Gradually, they have disappeared or lost their license and have reduced the ranks of manufacturers. Worse still, some have gone to independents, who then put forward their expertise in multi with less expensive tools. As a result, several manufacturers have wanted to make up their mistake by mounting their own networks "pseudo-independent", to save what could be. Standards less stringent, but more formal affiliation with the mark. A hybrid structure has attracted a lot of repairers in a very short time, as is now Motrio 1 100 outlets Eurorepar 1 300, 400 and Motorcraft. Here is the current panorama. But there is still a thorn in the foot planted builders ... they have managed to stem the bleeding from their new networks, it is still a lack in terms of professional sporting the official panel. This is not unproblematic in terms of networking and skills at national level ...

Because given the fleet, they want to cover new areas. "We look for candidates for the medium-sized cities, where we have not always concessions", said Jean Guionnet responsible for the development of network Peugeot.

Citroën, 145 areas have been defined to accommodate new repairers "We are counting on the dynamism of our brand to attract new partners and we have a thirty companies who join us each year, says Yvon Kéravis responsible after-sales network of Citroën. With the increase of our fleet of vehicles and aging, we have great opportunities to propose post-sale. " The mark also "promote" the members of its network Eurorepar to strengthen the ranks of repairers: "The ground was Eurorepar host agents who was unable to meet our standards. But today, we find l 'effect, with repair Eurorepar who have sustained their very good company, and who become agents with the panel official Citroën. They want to change and celebrate their ties with the brand in a more obvious, "says the manager. Renault and Fiat have also expressed their intention to expand their geographical coverage and encourage the resumption of business. What will be a bit more complex, in the sense that many repairers are Motrio but generally with smaller workshops, which is struggling to meet the requirements of the panel Renault unaccompanied. For Fiat, the deal is a little different. With the drastic reduction in staff in recent years, and the announcement finally abandoned the development of multi Chekstar teaches in France, the manufacturer, given its recent sales figures, seeks to expand its network. But the focus is instead on the development of the existing. Thus, many processes have been reviewed in order to increase customer satisfaction, the number of courtesy vehicles available, the number of receivers and mechanics ... Another bonus to motivate the troops of the Italian manufacturer, the introduction of involving a charter business, where compliance with standards, a RFA (6% on gross purchases), as we announced last March.

Some modifications

2009-06-13T05:38:00.000-07:00

This release is intended to resume, a summary of major changes to the Highway Traffic Act apply from 1 June 2009. Certain provisions relating to driving license will come into force on 1 January 2010.

What will change:

* Stamp tax rebate and a photo:
When applying for renewal of a license, the parties concerned should no longer get a stamp mobile Chancellerie Law "six euros and they can submit a number of photos so that for each renewal of driver's license photo must be submitted.

* Navigation System (GPS):
Now, the setting of a navigation system on the inside of the windshield is permitted provided that the driver's view is not obstructed

* Headset:
The use of a telephone equipment with the use of a headset is permitted provided that the driver can hold the steering wheel with both hands during the communication.

* Safety distance:
The principle of inter-vehicle time is introduced to the highway code which is the safe distance that must be maintained between vehicles themselves, outside of a metropolitan area (in open country roads and motorways). In other
words, if two vehicles are, outside of a metropolitan area, the driver of the second vehicle must maintain a safe distance for a time inter-vehicle of at least two seconds from the vehicle that precedes it. This distance is much greater than the speed is high.

* Mobile home:
The period of validity of driving licenses in sub-categories C1 (truck <7,5 to; mobile home) and C1 + E (truck with trailer <12.0 to) be renewed beyond the age of 75 years, year after year, when the health of the owner allows.

* Mopeds / Motorcycles light / Tractors:
Candidates for the license category F (tractor) and sub-categories A1 (light motorcycle) and A3 (moped) may enroll in learning before they reach the age of 16.

* People with reduced mobility:
Persons traveling on public roads in a wheelchair or electric wheelchair whose speed is less than 15 km / h, equivalent to walking and enjoy the same rights and duties as the latter.

* Road signs:
Area Meeting
The road sign "meeting zone" means spaces in residential or commercial, where pedestrians can use the whole road. The maximum speed allowed is limited to 20 km / h. In a meeting, pedestrians have priority and they can penetrate everywhere, but should not unnecessarily interfere with the vehicles. Parking is permitted in areas designated by signs or markings. Contrary to what is done in a residential area, children are not allowed to play on the road.
Passage for pedestrians and cyclists
Pedestrians and cyclists who intend to cross the road on such a move are given priority over other users, subject to compliance with the obligations of prudence and caution under the Highway Traffic Act.

From 1 January 2010:

In addition to these regulatory changes, changes are envisaged in terms of driving license:

*

Period of validity:
From 1 January 2010, valid driving license for category A (motorcycle), B (car), B + E (car with trailer) and F (tractor) and sub-categories A1 ( light motorcycle) and A3
(quadricycle moped and light) is increased from 50 to 60 years of age of owners.

This principle also applies from 1 January 2010 under license of the categories, issued before that date and whose validity is limited to the age of 50 years of ownership. The persons concerned may be extended, without charge, the duration of their license until 60th birthday, on the invitation of the society National of Control Technique and by submitting a photo and the old license

*

Core Curriculum (learning and knowledge test for driver's license)
Introducing the "common core" for the 1st obtaining a driver's license with the subsequent extension in the event of another category, instruction and tests focused on the differences in this category.

Thus it is expected that the candidate must pursue a theoretical learning of at least 12 hours. This learning includes a general part, dealing with traffic rules of general and specific, focusing on the differences between the type of license sought. Thereafter, if extended to another class of driver's license, the minimum theoretical learning is reduced to 6 hours, devoted in particular to traffic rules for the category applied for the license.

* Theory:
Introduction of a new system for the theory exams, a question with three answers is correct one and questions to answer "yes" or "no."

* Publication of theoretical questions:
Questions in the theory exam will be released and downloadable on the website of the Ministry of Transport.

* Submission of Examination bulletin for the practical test:
At the end of the test, the form will be given consideration by the examiner to applicants. This measure will allow candidates to know and understand the mistakes committed during the test.

* Technical Theory:
Remove the "technical theory for exams theoretical driving license of category C (truck) and D (buses) in its present form. This part of the learning theory will be replaced by a section dealing with particular issues related to security of vehicles and driving techniques.

Compost technology

2009-06-11T00:30:00.000-07:00

Compost technology

Making compost is as a pure effort of farmers to plant nutrition for the waste by utilizing stable. Waste can be livestock waste, agricultural waste or other waste-waste that can be used in agricultural lands. Compost making is a pure effort of farmers to plant nutrition for the waste by utilizing stable. Waste can be livestock waste, agricultural waste or other waste-waste that can be used in agricultural lands.

To take advantage of waste does not mean do not have a problem. To take advantage of waste does not mean do not have a problem. As an example of waste cow dung. As an example of waste cow dung. Cow dung water contents have a very large, can reach 60 - 85 percent. Cow dung water contents have a very large, can reach 60 - 85 percent. Gynecology high water can make this work processing. Gynecology high water can make this work processing.

Besides, the cow waste has C / N ratio is relatively low in order to produce good compost. Besides, the cow waste has C / N ratio is relatively low in order to produce good Compost.
First with all the limitations of knowledge and experience, problem-solving is still difficult, but now with the knowledge of knowing about the comparison of raw materials and processing for compost moisture, apparently, this solution of the problems can be done with a simple way, namely by using materials such as sawdust, wood shavings or straw, to absorb excess water and set the balance of C / N. First with all the limitations of knowledge and experience, problem-solving is still difficult, but now with the knowledge of knowing about the comparison of raw materials and processing for Compost moisture, apparently, this solution of the problems can be done with a simple way , namely by using materials such as sawdust, wood shavings or straw, to absorb excess water and set the balance of C / N.

So the merger and the materials before the emmiliki C / N ratio is also high at a time can increase the C / N ratio of the raw material compost. Livestock waste-waste which is organic compost made to attract business for the flower and vegetable farming. So the merger and the materials before the emmiliki C / N ratio is also high at a time can increase the C / N ratio of the raw material Compost. Livestock waste-waste which is organic Compost made to attract business for the flower and vegetable farming. In New York, United States, many farmers have been utilizing the horse dung, chicken dung, cow dung, to be a commercial compost. In the United States has since 1992 set the government program of the National organic cultivation, and 2 (two) years old and already there are 2,000,000 (two million) point of the compost process. In New York, United States, many farmers have been utilizing the horse dung, chicken dung, cow dung, to be a commercial Compost. In the United States since 1992 has set the government program of the National organic cultivation, and 2 (two) years and have been there are 2,000,000 (two million) of the Compost process.
When viewed from the compost process pembuatannya can be divided into 2 types, namely: When viewed from the Compost pembuatannya process can be divided into 2 types, namely:

* Compost processed naturally, and Compost is processed naturally, and
* Compost processed with human intervention. Compost processed with human intervention.

The compost is Processed Natural The Natural Compost is processed

Is the making of compost is naturally in the compost making process pembuatannya run itself, with little or no human intervention. Is the making of Compost is naturally in the Compost making process pembuatannya run itself, with little or no human intervention. Human only help collect materials, prepare materials to further the process of composting / pengomposan run by itself. Compost that is made naturally requires a long time making, which is reached within 3 - 4 months that have even reached 6 months and more. Human only help collect materials, prepare materials to further the process of composting / pengomposan run by itself. Compost that is made naturally requires a long time making, which is reached within 3 - 4 months that have even reached 6 months and more.

The compost Mix Hand Made With The Human Compost Created By Hand Man Mix

Is the making of compost with the intervention of human beings is that since the making of compost from the preparation of materials (selection of materials and material), treatment of materials, mixing materials, the temperature, the humidity and the concentration of oxygen, all conducted under the supervision of men. Is the making of Compost with the intervention of human beings is that since the making of Compost from the preparation of materials (selection of materials and material), treatment of materials, mixing materials, the temperature, the Humidity and the concentration of oxygen, all conducted under the supervision of men.

The process of making compost is made with human intervention is usually assisted with aktivator The addition of compost raw materials. Making compost Aktivator there are a variety of brands and products, but the most important in determining aktivator this is not a brand aktivatornya, but what are the aktivator is, how long aktivator has been tested cobakan, whether the influence of elements aktivator against human , of cattle, to the plants and the influence of the organisms in the soil or in other words pegaruh environmental beside the compost should be seen as what the results obtained. The process of making Compost is made with human intervention is usually Assisted with aktivator The addition of Compost raw materials. Compost making Aktivator there are a variety of brands and products, but the most important in determining aktivator this is not a brand aktivatornya, but what are the aktivator is, how long aktivator has been tested cobakan, whether the influence of elements aktivator against humanity, against animals, to plants and the influence of the organisms in the soil or in other words pegaruh environmental side must also be seen that the results such as Compost is obtained.

The goal of making compost is carefully regulated, such as is already disinggung above to get the final results of the compost so that has a certain quality standard. The goal of making Compost is carefully regulated, such as is already disinggung above to get the final results of the Compost so that has a certain quality standard. Among them is to have the value of C / N ratio between 10 - 12. Among them is to have the value of C / N ratio between 10 - 12.

The advantages of the way of making compost with the intervention of human and material use aktivator is the process of making compost can be a 2 - 4 weeks. The advantages of the way of making Compost with the intervention of human and material use aktivator is the process of making a Compost can be 2 - 4 weeks.

Preparation method method Compost Making compost

2009-06-10T00:29:00.001-07:00

There are several methods of making compost is made public, that is: There are several methods of making Compost is made public, namely:

* Wind Wind Row Row system system
* Aerated Static Aerated Static pile pile
* In vessel in vessel

This third system has been widely dioperasionalkan. From three to which this system can produce the best compost is not important, because each system has advantages and kekurangannya respectively. This third system has been widely dioperasionalkan. From three to which this system can produce the best Compost is not important, because each system has advantages and kekurangannya respectively.

The system Windrow Windrow systems

Windrow systems the process of making compost is the most simple and most inexpensive. The raw material compost stacked lengthwise, pile high 0.6 to 1 meter, width of 2-5 meters. Windrow systems the process of making Compost is the most simple and most inexpensive. Compost raw materials stacked lengthwise, pile high 0.6 to 1 meter, width of 2-5 meters. Meanwhile, the length can reach 40 - 50 meters. Meanwhile, the length can reach 40 - 50 meters.

This system utilizes the natural air circulation. This system utilizes the natural air circulation. Optimizing the width, height and length of its mass is strongly influenced by the raw material, moisture, pore space, and air circulation to reach the middle of the stack of materials. Optimizing the width, height and length of its mass is strongly influenced by the raw material, moisture, pore space, and air circulation to reach the middle of the stack of materials.

Ideally on the stack is the raw material must be able to release this summer, summer to compensate for the expenditure incurred as a result of the process of decomposition of organic material by microbes. Ideally on the stack is the raw material must be able to release this summer, summer to compensate for the expenditure incurred as a result of the process of decomposition of organic material by microbes.

Windrow system is a system process komposting the good that has been successful in many places for processing manure, garden waste, gutter sludge, waste etc. city. To set the temperature, moisture and oxygen, in the windrow system, the inversion process is done periodically This is a principle that distinguishes them from the system of making compost is another. Windrow system is a system process komposting the good that has been successful in many places for processing manure, garden waste, gutter sludge, waste etc. city. To set the temperature, moisture and oxygen, in the windrow system, the inversion process is done periodically This is a principle that distinguishes them from the system of Compost making is another.

The weaknesses of the system Windrow this area needs is a wide area. The Weaknesses of the system Windrow this area needs is a wide area.

The system Aerated Static Aerated Static pile pile system

The system of making compost other is a more advanced Aerated Static pile. The system of making other Compost is a more advanced Aerated Static pile. In principle this process komposting almost the same, with a windrow system, but the system is installed in the pipe dilubangi to the air stream. Pressed the air blower. In principle this process komposting almost the same, with a windrow system, but the system is installed in the pipe dilubangi to the water stream. Air pressed the blower. Because there is air circulation, then the stack of materials that are processed can be higher than 1 meter. Because there is air circulation, then the stack of materials that are processed can be higher than 1 meter. The process itself is regulated by oxygen flux. The process itself is regulated by oxygen flux. When the temperature is too high, the flow of oxygen is stopped, while the temperature down when the flow of oxygen added. When the temperature is too high, the flow of oxygen is stopped, while the temperature down when the flow of oxygen added.

Because there is no inversion process, the raw material compost should be made in such a way since the beginning of the homogeneous. Mixing in the air cavity must be sufficient. Materials-the raw material that is too large and long cut-cut must reach the size of 4 - 10 cm. Because there is no inversion process, the raw material Compost should be made in such a homogeneous way since the beginning. In mixing must be sufficient water cavity. Materials-raw materials that are too large and long cut-cut must reach the size of 4 - 10 cm.

In vessel systems in vessel systems

The system is the third system in vessel Composting. The third system is the system in the vessel Composting. In this system may take the form of any container, or trench silo can sweep. Because the system is limited by the structure of the container, the system is used both to reduce the influence of the odor does not smell like garbage sapid city. In this system may take the form of any container, or trench silo can Sweep. Because the system is limited by the structure of the container, the system is used both to reduce the influence of the odor does not smell like garbage sapid city.

The system also take the vessel in the air as the system Aerated Static pile. The system also take the vessel in the water system as the Aerated Static pile. The system has an infusion of the door and door expenditure compost compost so different. The system has an infusion of the door and door expenditure Compost Compost so different.

Key Process Making Compost

2009-06-09T00:23:00.000-07:00

To obtain good results in the process of making compost, there are some things that must be considered, namely: To obtain good results in the process of making Compost, there are some things that must be considered, namely:

Getting the mix Raw Material Getting the Right Mix Right Raw Material

One of the key to success in the process of making compost is how to obtain a combination of a mixture of materials such that the end results have the form that has a comparison of compost C and N = 10 s / d 12. From the results of the research, has been known that there are two (2) of the parameters important in determining the selection of raw materials, namely: One of the key to success in the process of making Compost is how to obtain a combination of a mixture of materials such that the end results have the form that has a comparison of Compost C and N = 10 s / d 12. From the results of the research, has been known that there are two (2) parameters important in determining the selection of raw materials, namely:

* The humidity Humidity factor Raw Material Raw Material
* The C / N ratio of raw materials The C / N ratio of raw materials

Factors Humidity Humidity factor Raw Material Raw Material

Humidity or water is the womb affect viability microorganisms. Humidity or water is the womb affect viability microorganisms. Most microorganisms can not survive when the water shortage. Most microorganisms can not survive when the water shortage. When the humidity below 40%, the process of decomposition of organic material will be slowed. When the Humidity below 40%, the process of decomposition of organic material will be slowed. When the humidity below 30 percent, the process of decomposition will be practically stopped. However, when humidity> 60 percent, then the situation is going anaerob (without oxygen), which will not evoke savory aroma (acid). Generally the process komposting willed ideal humidity between 50 - 60 percent. This situation is ideal to start the process pengomposan. When the Humidity below 30 percent, the process of decomposition will be practically stopped. However, when Humidity> 60 percent, then the situation is going anaerob (without oxygen), which will not evoke savory aroma (acid). In general, the process komposting willed ideal Humidity between 50 - 60 percent. This is an ideal situation to start the process pengomposan.

The C / N ratio of Raw Material The C / N ratio of Raw Materials

Among the many elements that are required by microorganisms to organic medekomposisi, Carbon and Nitrogen is the most important element and a constraint factor (in addition phospat). Carbon is a source of energy and is 50 percent of the mass microba cells. Among the many elements that are required by microorganisms to organic medekomposisi, Carbon and Nitrogen is the most important element and a constraint factor (in addition phospat). Carbon is a source of energy and is 50 percent of the mass microba cells. Nitrogen is the most important component as composer and bacterial protein prepared by no less than 50% of the protein is biomasanya. Nitrogen is the most important component as composer and bacterial proteins prepared by no less than 50% of the protein is biomasanya. So very bacteri Nitrogen need to accelerate growth. So very Nitrogen bacteri need to accelerate growth. If the amount of Nitrogen is too little, the population of bacteria will not be optimal decomposition process and the compost will be slowed. If the amount of Nitrogen is too little, the population of bacteria will not be optimal decomposition process and the Compost will be slowed. Of the, if the number N is too many, will result in the growth of microbes is very fast and this will cause problems in the aroma compost, as a result of circumstances anaerobik. Of the, if the number N is too many, will result in the growth of microbes is very fast and this will cause problems in the aroma Compost, as a result of circumstances anaerobik. In circumstances such as this part of the akan Nitrogen Ammonia gas was changed to the cause of this odor and harmful, because the Nitrogen that we need will be lost. In circumstances such as this part of the akan Ammonia Nitrogen gas was changed to the cause of this odor and harmful, because the Nitrogen that we need will be lost.

So be careful in handling the compost raw materials, especially raw materials that contain a lot of Nitrogen (usually called hijauan materials, such as snippets of grass), especially in managing the supply process oksigennya. So be careful in handling the Compost raw materials, especially raw materials that contain a lot of Nitrogen (usually called hijauan materials, such as snippets of grass), especially in managing the supply process oksigennya. We recommend this material as the materials are set pencampurannya with materials that contain C (usually called the material coklatan high, such as waste wood shavings). We recommend this material as the materials are set pencampurannya with materials that contain C (usually called the material coklatan high, such as waste wood shavings).

Mixing raw materials containing C and N of 30: 1 (by weight), making the uterus elements composer balanced process of making compost. Mixing raw materials containing C and N of 30: 1 (by weight), making the uterus elements composer balanced process of making Compost. By kerena is to get the final results for the comparison of compost C / N ratio of 10 s / d 12, and uterus have a high element of burly, the raw material Arrange humidity 50 - 60 percent and make a mixture of materials such that the compost raw materials have rateable value of C N is 30 proportionate 1. By kerena is to get the final results for the comparison of Compost C / N ratio of 10 s / d 12, and uterus have a high element of burly, the raw material arrange Humidity 50 - 60 percent and make a mixture of materials such that Compost the raw materials have a rateable value of CN is 30 proportionate 1.

2009-06-08T04:58:00.000-07:00

Standards Making compost

Knowing that the quality of compost is influenced by processing, while processing the compost itself is influenced by humidity and comparison of C and N of the raw materials, to determine standardization of the compost is to make the process of standardization and the standardization of compost compost raw materials, so that the compost have a certain standard. Knowing that the quality of Compost is influenced by processing, while processing the Compost itself is influenced by Humidity and comparison of C and N of the raw materials, to determine standardization of the Compost is to make the process of standardization and the standardization of Compost Compost raw materials, so that the Compost have a certain standard.

After a standard mixture of materials can be filled with compost that is ideal humidity 50 - 60 percent of the comparison and have C / N of the raw materials 30: 1, there are still things that must be observed during the very process of making compost is in progress, that is to be done to control: After a standard mixture of materials can be filled with Compost that is ideal Humidity 50 - 60 percent of the comparison and have C / N of the raw materials 30: 1, there are still things that must be observed during the very process of making is in Compost progress, that is to be done to control:

1. Temperature Temperature
2. Humidity Humidity
3. Odor or aroma, or fragrance and Odor, and
4. pH pH

Observation Temperature Temperature Observations

Temperature is one of the key indicators in the making of compost. Does heat rise? Until the summer the temperature can be achieved? In the long summer can be achieved? How long does the heat can take place? What is the meaning of these conditions? Temperature is one of the key indicators in the making of Compost. Is heat rise? Up to how hot the temperature can be achieved in the long summer can be achieved? How much heat can take what the meaning of these conditions? Mixed materials such as that which can affect the temperature profile? Mixed materials such as that which can affect the temperature profile?

Heat caused as a result of side processes by microbes of organic material to analyze. Temperature can be used to measure how well the system pengomposan this work, besides it can also note the extent to which decomposition has been running. As an illustration, if the compost temperature increased to 40 ° C - 50 ° C, it can be concluded that the mixture of the raw material compost contains enough material Nitrogen and Carbon and contain enough water (just humidity) to support the growth of microorganisms. Observation of temperature should be done by using a tool that can test the temperature reaches far into the compost heap. Wait until some time until the temperature stable. Heat caused as a result of side processes by microbes of organic material to analyze. The temperature can be used to measure how well the system pengomposan this work, besides it can also note the extent to which decomposition has been running. As an Illustration, Compost if the temperature increased to 40 ° C - 50 ° C, it can be concluded that the mixture of the raw material contains enough material Compost Nitrogen and Carbon and contain enough water (just Humidity) to support the growth of microorganisms . Observation of temperature should be done by using a tool that can test the temperature reaches far into the Compost heap. Wait until some time until the temperature stable. Then do again in a different place. Do these observations in several locations, including at the various depths of tumpukkan compost. Compost can have pockets of more heat and have pockets of cold. Overall relies heavily on the actual water vapor (humidity) and chemical composition of the raw material compost. It will be a map of temperature gradient. Graph depicts the temperature and location-location in line with the increase in time, it can be explained: Then do again in a different place. Do observation in several locations, including at the various Depths of the Compost tumpukkan. Compost can have pockets of more heat and have pockets of cold. Overall relies heavily on the actual water vapor (Humidity) and chemical composition of the raw material Compost. So will be the map of temperature gradient. With temperature graph and describe the location-location in line with the increase in time, it can be explained:

1. It is how far the process of decomposition walk How far the process has run decomposition
2. How well the composition of the mixture of materials is how well the composition of the mixture of materials is
3. How is the average mixture and the mixture is not how the average is the average mixture and the mixture is not flat
4. Where air circulation is running normal and where less than normal. Where water circulation is running normal and where less than normal.

From the information above, then the decision can be taken step by step what to do to achieve the end result and get the compost with the desired quality. From the information above, then the decision can be taken step by step what to do to achieve the end result and get the Compost with the desired quality.

In the process komposting the good, the temperature 40 ° C - 50 0C can be achieved in 2 - 3 days. Then in the next few days the temperature will rise until the raw material that didekomposisi out by microorganisms. In the process komposting the good, the temperature 40 ° C - 50 0C can be achieved in 2 - 3 days. Then in the next few days the temperature will rise until the raw material that didekomposisi out by microorganisms. From there then the temperature will go down. From there then the temperature will go down.

Several times from the process of making compost with the Windrow system, with a mixture of compost raw materials consisting of cow dung, chicken dung, goat dung, straw and chaff, the change of temperature reached 40 ° C - 50 ° C can be achieved within 3 (three) days . Therefore, the inversion is done on the day of the compost to 4 (four). Several times in the process of making the Compost Windrow system, with a mixture of Compost raw materials consisting of cow dung, chicken dung, goat dung, straw and chaff, the change of the temperature reached 40 ° C - 50 ° C can be achieved within 3 (three) days. therefore inversion Compost made on the 4 (four).

After the first temperature inversion will decrease, and increased again to reach 55 ° C - 60 ° C on day 6. After the first temperature inversion will decrease, and increased again to reach 55 ° C - 60 ° C on day 6. Therefore, the inversion to be done again in two days to 6 (six) or 3 days after the first inversion, after pembalikkan temperature will decrease and increase again to 55 ° C - 60 ° C on day 9 (nine). On the day of 9 (nine) or 3 days after pembalikkan to do two more inversion to 3 (three). Therefore, the inversion to be done again in two days to 6 (six) or 3 days after the first inversion, after pembalikkan temperature will decrease and increase again to 55 ° C - 60 ° C on day 9 (nine). In the day-to-9 (nine) or 3 days after pembalikkan to do two more inversion to 3 (three).

When the composition of the mixture of raw materials right, temperatures will be stable until day 12 (twelve) and so on, to go down and then stabilized at a certain temperature. When the composition of the mixture of raw materials right, temperatures will be stable until day 12 (twelve) and so on, to go down and then stabilized at a certain temperature.
On the day 14 to the compost pile can be opened for the start and then cooled and conducted further filtering and packing. On the day 14 to the Compost pile can be opened for the start and then cooled and conducted further filtering and packing.

Observation Observation Humidity Humidity

Making compost will be held at both the one with the mixture of compost raw materials that have moisture content between 40 - 60 percent of the weight. At the level of moisture is lower, the activity will be hampered microorganisms or stop altogether. At the level of humidity is higher, then the process will likely anerobik, which will evoke stench. Making Compost will be held at both the one with the mixture of Compost raw materials that have moisture content between 40 - 60 percent of the weight. In the circumstances the moisture level is lower, the activity will be hampered microorganisms or stop altogether. On the level of the more Humidity high, then the process will likely anerobik, which will evoke stench.

When the raw material selected for the compost and then mix, moisture content can be measured or estimated. When the raw material selected for the Compost and then mix, moisture content can be measured or Estimated. After the process of making compost takes place, the measurement of humidity need not be repeated, but can be directly observed adequacy level of moisture in the womb. After the process of making Compost takes place, the measurement of Humidity need not be repeated, but can be directly observed adequacy level of moisture in the womb.
When the process of making compost is running, and then appear stench, can be compost contains excessive water content. Excess moisture has been filled pore space, so diffusi inhibit oxygen through the material in the compost. When the process of making Compost is running, and then appear stench, can be Compost contains excessive water content. Excess moisture has been filled pore space, so diffusi inhibit oxygen through the material in the Compost. This is a situation that makes anaerobik. This is a situation that makes anaerobik. Mixing raw materials with a snippet of 4 - 10 cm, material such as straw, lumber, cardboard, sawdust etc. can reduce this problem. Mixing raw materials with a snippet of 4 - 10 cm, material such as straw, lumber, cardboard, sawdust etc. can reduce this problem.

When making do with the compost aerated static pile system or vessel in the system, be careful in adding air (oxygen), do not cause the compost to become dry. indicator note is the temperature, if the temperature decreases more quickly than usual, then the possibility exists that the compost is too dry. When making do with the Compost aerated static pile system or vessel in the system, be careful in adding air (oxygen), do not cause the Compost to become dry. indicator note the temperature is, if the temperature decreases more quickly than usual, then the possibility exists that the Compost is too dry.

Observation Odor / Aroma Observation Odor / Aroma

If the process of making compost with the normal running, so can not produce a sting odor (smell). However in making the compost will not be entirely free from the smell. Utilizing indra smell, can be used as a tool to detect problems that occur during the process of making compost. If the process of making Compost with the normal running, so can not produce a sting odor (smell). However in the Compost making will not be entirely free from the smell. Utilizing indra smell, can be used as a tool to detect problems that occur during the process Compost making.
As an illustration, if tercium smell ammonia, the mixture should be suspected of excess compost material that contains the elements Nitrogen (ratio C / N too low). To overcome tambahkanlah materials that contain C / N level, for example, be: As an Illustration, if tercium smell ammonia, the mixture should be suspected of excess Compost material that contains the elements Nitrogen (ratio C / N too low). To overcome tambahkanlah materials containing C / N level, for example, be:

* Discount hay, straw or Discount, or
* Pieces of wood, or the Lumber, or
* Saw powder, or Sawdust, or
* Pieces of paper or cardboard and newspaper, etc. Pieces of paper or cardboard and newspaper, etc..

If tercium smell, a mixture of compost may contain too much water. When this happens, do inversion (in the windrow system), add oxygen to the system or Aerated Static pile in vessel. If tercium smell, a mixture of Compost may contain too much water. When this happens, do inversion (in the windrow system), add oxygen to the system or Aerated Static pile in the vessel.

The observed pH observed pH

Observation function as a pH indicator compost decomposition process of compost. Observation function as a pH indicator Compost Compost of decomposition process. will compost microbes work at the neutral pH conditions to slightly acid, with a pH range between 5.5 to 8. Akan Compost microbes work at the neutral pH conditions to slightly acid, with a pH range between 5.5 to 8.
During the first stage of the process of decomposition, will acid-organic acid. During the first stage of the process of decomposition, will acid-organic acid. Acid conditions encourage the growth of this fungus will composisi and lignin and cellulose in the compost material. Acid conditions encourage the growth of this fungus will mendekomposisi and lignin and cellulose in the Compost material. During the process of making compost takes place, acid-organic acid will be neutral and compost ripen normally reach pH between 6 - 8. During the process of making Compost takes place, acid-organic acid will be neutral and Compost ripen normally reach pH between 6 - 8.
Anaerobic if conditions develop during the process of making compost, acid-organic acid will accumulate. Anaerobic if conditions develop during the process of making Compost, acid-organic acid will accumulate. The provision of air inversion or compost will reduce this unfriendliness. The addition of lime in the process of making compost is not recommended. The Provision of water inversion or Compost will reduce this surliness. The lime in the process of making Compost is not recommended. The provision of calcium (Calcium carbonic, CaCo3) will cause loss of nitrogen gas is changed to Ammonia. The Provision of calcium (Calcium carbonic, CaCo3) will cause loss of nitrogen gas is changed to Ammonia. This loss does not cause any odor, but also cause losses due to cause loss of important elements of burly, namely nitrogen. This loss does not cause any odor, but also cause losses due to cause loss of important elements of burly, namely nitrogen. Nitrogen to be sure better in the compost stored for later then used by plants for growth. Nitrogen sure to be better in the Compost stored for later then used by plants for growth.

Henry Ford, the inspirer of Adolf Hitler

2009-05-19T05:26:00.000-07:00

With the book The International Jew, by Henry Ford (1), we are not at all in the anti-traditional, religiously inspired, but something radically different. This book brings together in four volumes of the industrialist articles published in his newspaper The Dearborn Independent. A sentence in a text dedicated to the healthy reaction of Germany against the Jewish "illustrates this new spirit that is scientific and which language is responsible for medical metaphors: it is a matter of" hygiene policy "because" the main source of the disease from the national German (...), it is the influence of the Jews (2).

In several other passages, the Jews are presented as a "germ" that must be a "cleansing" (cleaning out) (3). As we know, Adolf Hitler and his staff will resume this terminology pseudo-hygienist, the word almost. The Jew is no longer defined by religion but by its "race", "a race whose persistence has defeated all efforts for its extermination." (4) Of course, Ford does not propose to repeat those efforts, but the wording is still curious ... In contrast is the "race" Anglo-Saxon "," Aryan "," white European "or" Anglo-Saxon Celtic, which bears the civilization in his blood and has crossed the ocean to found the America: "They are the dominant people of [the ruling people], chosen over the centuries to rule the world. He must awaken in young people "pride of race" (5).

Ford builds the Protocols of the Elders of Zion-a book that would be "too terribly real for fiction, too deep in its knowledge of the secrets of life to be a forgery" - quoted and commented on extensively, as ultimate proof irrefutable and the Jewish conspiracy to seize power on a global scale. But the company did not just copy this book, it sought to update the case and analyze in light of contemporary events, including the revolutions in Europe. There is much talk of Germany - is that the influence of his secretary Ernest Siebold? - Which he describes as dominated by a clique Jewish despite the fact that "there is no in the world stronger contrast than that between the pure Germanic race and the pure Semitic race (6).

Thus, the Bolshevik revolution was only "the external cover of some long planned to establish the domination of one race." The Soviets are just a disguise of the institution of Jewish Kahala (community self), and all the leaders "red" - starting, of course, by Leon Trotsky (Braunstein ", sic) - are Jewish. Admittedly, according to Ford, the Communists claim that Lenin was not Jewish, but "his children speak Yiddish" and replaced, by decree, "the Sunday the Christian Sabbath." Sooner or later, however, says the company, Russia will wake up authentic and revenge will be terrible "(7). What form this might take revenge is suggested in a letter quoted in the fourth volume of the book: "Imagine no more Semites in Europe. Is this a tragedy would be so terrible? Not at all! (...) One day they will reap what they sowed (8). "

One of the leitmotifs of the book will be widely taken up by the Nazis, is the complicity between the Judeo-Bolshevism and Jewish finance capitalism, in a conspiracy to impose upon the world a global Jewish government, for example, the Soviet government would receive the 'money from Jewish businessmen in Europe and America. The same reasoning applies to social movements in Western countries, Britain or America. Although all these arguments were not invented by Ford and his scribes, but his book brings together in a powerful synthesis, anti-Semitic rhetoric that circulated in the early 1920s, around the world.

Three volumes are intended to place Jews in the United States. Throughout hundreds of pages, the company "analyze" their role as organizers and promoters of alcohol, white flesh trafficking, corruption, financial, sports and politics. According to Ford, their mass emigration from Eastern Europe in North America has nothing to do with alleged persecution: the pogroms were only propaganda, but this really is a true invasion: the "International Jew" could move a million people from Poland to America "as a general moved his army (9). Curiously, creating the highest moral indignation of the author, is - besides the subversive role of unions in New York and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), all handled - the "Judaization" of theater and U.S. film. The Jews are responsible for the introduction into the performing arts in the United States of a "sensual Eastern dirty and indecent," instilling moral insidious poison (10).

It is also to them that we owe the invention of jazz, the music that, according to the author (which seems to ignore the black musicians) has "something satanic" because of its sensuality, its blatant eroticism, jazz creates, with a diabolical cunning, "a" dirty air ", which corrupts the American youth. Common sense requires "cleaning up the sources of the disease (11). In this speech, which associates closely Puritanism and racism, all that remains of the traditional Protestant religiosity that the obsessive fear of "sexual".

Ford is also the role of international financial and, in general, the Jewish community in North America. One of his most bizarre claim is that Bolshevism is from the Jewish quarter of New York's East Side. The proof is that Trotsky himself has lived in New York a few years he was a East Sider. In fact, "all leaders of the East Side knew Trotsky" would make the use of the Tsar "(...). There was nothing dangerous in that. Everything had been organized, and the nominees have gone directly to their seats provided. In short, the Jewish Bolshevik Revolution was planned in America, "and the activities of Trotsky were financed by Jewish bankers in New York Max Warburg (12) ...

Work place violence and death

2009-05-18T05:22:00.000-07:00

Unemployment, seen as the main social problem, tends to hide the damage to health-related work. Managers and workers are affected. The intensification of tasks, time pressure, the precarious status and the fragmentation of the teams lead to a sharp deterioration of living conditions in the company. Thus, never the number of employees exposed to carcinogens has been more important. Weakened by the requirement hierarchy and obligation of results, some people come to commit suicide.
By Annie Thébaud-Mony
"Causing the suicide of another is punishable by three years' imprisonment and 45 000 euros fine when the provocation was followed by the suicide or attempted suicide. "
(Penal Code, Art. 223-13.)

Sad record for France, which tops the list of countries in which the suicide - especially among men - is growing continuously since 1975. Their number increased to eleven miles per year in 2000, "more than one per hour, indicate sociologists Christian Baudelot and Roger Establet. "It is everywhere and always, serious contradictions between the demands of social life and individual destiny (1). "According to recent data provided by the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm), the number of deaths by suicide will stabilize around twelve thousand cases per year.

What is the share due to professional activity? To this question, no statistics that can be answered. Suicide at work, like any act of violence against oneself is a difficult puzzle to decipher. First, remember that this is not a new phenomenon. For 1995 alone, the union General Labor Confederation (CGT) of the nuclear power plant in Chinon had counted eight cases of suicide among the employees of outside firms involved in the maintenance of the plant ... without attracting the attention of the media (2)!

Work organization irradiated necessary for this maintenance, is no stranger to the series of suicides. The management of nuclear power gets the respect of the individual limits of exposure to radioactivity determined by law, not taking steps to reduce exposures, but in succession, on the items concerned, a significant number of workers recruited through subcontracting and temporary work. This is called "employment management by dose. This practice, discriminatory, lose their jobs to temporary workers who have reached the limit dose, are banned from entry into Central, excluded from their workplaces.
Health or job, he must choose

For these nuclear intermittent, the contradiction between employment and health is insurmountable, because they only assume the industry, it saves the image and can display the formal values of exposure limits. It should be emphasized that some twenty-five thousand to thirty-five thousand workers engaged in "controlled area" (ie a risk of radiation) for the maintenance of nuclear facilities (approximately 50% of supervised staff) receive 80% of the collective dose of radiation doses received in the French nuclear industry. The media ignore.

But when, a few months later, eight managers and highly qualified technicians of two plants prestigious of modern capitalism - the Renault Technocentre in Guyancourt NPP and Electricité de France (EDF) Chinon - end their days on the workplace or by charging their explicit suicide at work, expressed a real concern beyond the walls of these plants. The four suicides occurred in May among employees of PSA Peugeot-Citroen Mulhouse reinforce this concern.

One morning in October 2006, at the very heart of the central building, called "beehive" of Technocentre twelve thousand employees who designs the new Renault models, an engineer jumped from the fifth floor. Determined, his family obtained recognition of suicide as an accident at work and will make the gross negligence of the employer. Two other suicide in December 2006 and February 2007, leading trade unionists to speak publicly about the conditions faced by employees in the group. The transformation of the normal obligation to work in an obligation of results (the "2009") has created a contradiction impossible to resolve. This obligation has been decided by the CEO of Renault, Mr. Carlos Ghosn, who has pledged to increase the dividend per share of 250%. How to convert this challenge productive financial goals? It's simple! Just to name a sales growth of eight hundred thousand vehicles between 2005 and 2009 and the launch of twenty-six new models in three years. Each employee will then personally engaged. Whoever refuses to sign the minutes of the interview in which he laid down with his manager, his own receives a letter with acknowledgment of receipt to notify and warn that it will make quickly. Continuous assessment and individualized exerts a constant pressure without the possibility to discuss technical contradictions and temporal, individual and collective, of such a challenge.

At the center of Chinon, in addition to a similar obligation of results, the contradiction is a dimension of a different nature, to ensure maintenance of quality safety of nuclear installations under increasingly precarious. Two of the suicides are the result of managers taking on heavy responsibilities, one in the maintenance, the other in the conduct of the plant.

This was also the gesture made by one of the most famous specialists of nuclear safety in the former Soviet Union after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. At the time of his suicide, Valeri Legassov left a "testament" criticizing the shortcomings of security management throughout the nuclear industry (3). He put particular emphasis on three points: the violation of the protection rules in the name of "labor productivity", the lack of critical thinking engineers vis-à-vis recurrent anomalies in the functioning of central and the lack of staff and the authorities (nuclear and civil) in the event of serious malfunction.

All cases of suicide are referred to the injury in the usual sense of the code of social security (art. L.411-1), ie they are "occurring on or during work. " Insurmountable problems that these workers have faced are nevertheless related to organizational choices made by the highest leaders of these companies. These deliberately delegate the resolution of contradictions to employees without leeway to cope. Article 223-13 of the Penal Code (added) takes on its full meaning and should lead to an indictment of those responsible. If they say the work is for nothing in this wave of suicides, these leaders should they not be required to provide evidence in court?

The impairment of health related to work are largely underestimated. In France, labor kills, injures and causes illness, with two deaths per day due to accidents, eight deaths per day due to asbestos, and two million daily demide exposed to carcinogenic cocktails of millions men and women constantly pushed the limits of what a human being can support, morally and physically (4). The latest surveys on working conditions show, in fact, the continuing risks "traditional", a high level of temporal or hierarchical and a decrease in employees' ability to cope (5).

After thirty years of stability, occupational diseases are recognized and compensated past four thousand on average in the years 1980 to forty thousand in 2005. Nearly 90% of the increase is due to periarticular pathologies - that in other countries, called "repetitive strain injuries in under heavy time constraints - and diseases related to asbestos (6). It is officially admitted that these figures only give an idea of reality. Since 1997, a commission (7) establishes a fixed annual amount that the Fund for Workers (FAT) shall pay to the general health insurance as compensation for unfair charges incurred by it for work-related injury not declared as such and not compensated.

The annual number of new cancer cases has increased a hundred and fifty thousand in 1980 to two hundred and eighty four thousand in 2000. France holds the European record of inequality before the male cancer before age 65: a worker is four times more likely to die of the disease between 45 and 54 years a senior manager. Yet, a professor of epidemiology world-renowned Richard Doll, and with it, many scientists around the world have managed to save the asbestos industry, chemical and nuclear power to be found responsible, saying that the only causes of cancer are tobacco, alcohol and certain eating behaviors (8). The estimate, arbitrary and contested, published in 1981 by Doll that occupational cancer would account for only 4% of all cancers, remains the reference standard in the world of specialists among physicians. In France, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-Fifteen cases and three hundred and twenty-five deaths have been recognized as occupational cancer in 2005, more than 85% asbestos (9), which, according to the estimate of very official Institut de Veille Sanitaire, represents less than 1% of all cancers.

The characteristics of this disease provides a considerable range of interpretation. First, the cancer does not the simple causal model that everyone has in mind: a cause, an effect. It is a process in which the "meetings" between the human body and carcinogens at work or in the environment are part of the history of the health of individuals at different stages of their existence. It often takes decades for the disease manifests itself. Among those exposed to carcinogens, some are affected, others not. The worst is never sure. Yet it is precisely the unpredictable nature of this sinister lottery that manufacturers use to deny or underestimate, as long as possible, the identification of risk.

The Social Security Code (art. L.461-1, L.461-2) states that the conditions listed in the "tables of occupational disease" are assumed due to work without the victim having to prove ( 10). In the case of cancer, only twenty carcinogens are subject to such a presumption, and no table takes into account the polyexposition. However, since 1993, a system allows the recognition of diseases not listed in the tables, since the doctor was able to establish "direct and essential link" between work and pathology. Finally, since 2002, victims of asbestos-related cancers are entitled to compensation under the compensation fund for victims of asbestos created in 2000 by the law of social security financing.

The results of a multidisciplinary research program initiated five years in Seine-Saint-Denis on occupational cancer calls into question the interpretation of the dominant factors responsible for triggering, but also the standards of the qualification in occupational disease (11) . The recovery of paths of six hundred fifty patients shows that more than 80% of them have suffered in the course of their work, polyexposition - long and permanent - in many known carcinogens, but most are not in the Tables recognition. Workers for the most part, older half of them under 60, they exercised in the building trades, work metals, automobile repair, printing, maintenance, cleaning, etc. . Only one in six could be recognized and compensated.

Among the patients is under investigation, many work or have worked in construction and public works. Yet, except for employees exposed to asbestos, few have been able to see their condition recognized as an occupational disease. This is particularly true of painters, electricians or laborers engaged spreading bitumen. Carcinogens with which they have been in contact are not included in the tables, and their route - marked by changes in employment and activity - make it impossible to demonstrate a "direct and essential link" between work and cancer.

The survey also shows that the jobs held by women interviewed often a cleaning (cleaning women employed in service nursery school, care workers). Carcinogens from then products such as formaldehyde and chlorinated solvents, which are not included in the regulations on the qualification of occupational disease, and can also come from places of intervention.
A Network for the Prevention

In men involved in the study, the "business" most affected are those of laborers, maintenance workers, packers, delivery drivers and machine operators, particularly exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (compounds found in combustion fumes Some road surfaces, etc..), benzene, gas to diesel and gasoline, but also to other carcinogens, especially in maintenance operations, maintenance, cleaning. So that workers involved in outsourcing in the paint stripping of aircraft on the airport of Roissy, who died in 2006 of cancer of the sinuses at the age of 53 years. He did not see her illness recognized as professional, even if it has been in contact with highly carcinogenic products strippers and dust resulting from paint stripping operation include themselves carcinogenic compounds. In fact, the manufacture of aircraft maintenance, the main risk is borne by the outside workers, whose professional background allows more rarely meet the legal criteria for the recognition of occupational cancer.

Finally, a particular problem the introduction of new molecules whose toxic properties are not known when they go into production. Wait ten, thirty or forty years or a century as in the case of asbestos, so that formal science admits the "statistically significant relationship between a toxic and cancer is a form of human experimentation (read:" Finally compensation ").

The precariousness of work leads to "erosion" of the rights of workers in the prevention and repair of the risks. This fee reduction is the main vector of the invisibility of occupational cancers in society. The share of labor in the growth of cancer remains inaccessible to statistical observation.

We see perfectly the limits of compensation for injury as the sole ground of action in the field of health. This right to "repair", defined by the Act of 1898 accidents at work and that of 1919 on occupational diseases, is a logic of insurance. He founded a dual regime of exception. On the one hand, compensation for victims of work has left the field of justice to that of wage negotiation: it depends on the balance of power between the social partners, so now the good will of the Movement of French Enterprises (MEDEF). On the other hand, health, which links risk prevention and accident, remained outside the scope of research and action in public health. This tradition has allowed the impunity of industrial and employers who choose the organization and working conditions.

In fact, no compensation "restores" the immense damage in the form of diseases, including cancer. It also emphasizes that a study, published in 2007, the European Trade Union Institute for Research, Training and Safety, which shows an awareness of union issues involved in this issue (12).

Health workers can not be the domain of specialists from scientific or medical, union or association, let alone employers. For fifteen years, have formed networks to call into question the invisibility of work-related injury, the outsourcing and offshoring risks of death at work. Such as the International Ban Asbestos Network for global ban on asbestos (13), which plays a major role in raising awareness of the number of victims and identify those responsible.

An alliance made up of activists of social movements, scientists and health professionals, jurists and lawyers, journalists and documentary filmmakers can break the impunity of industrial shareholders responsible for much of the damage in the world. Hence the urgency of establishing an international criminal court work, which would be brought to those who knowingly transform the work into a place of violence and death. The prevention of suicides and cancer through a need to return to these fundamental principles and rights - forbidding any attack on the integrity of others - that underpin democracy.

Precursors and allies of Nazism in the United States

2009-05-17T05:20:00.000-07:00

Published a year ago, the novel by Philip Roth "The Plot against America" imagines the arrival of the presidency of the United States in 1940, Charles Lindbergh. If the victory of the famous aviator, notorious anti-Semite and Nazi sympathizer, on Franklin Delano Roosevelt is the fiction, the influence of Nazism in the U.S. was real. A written evidence of Henry Ford. Plus: American proponents of eugenics and racism inspired Adolf Hitler.
By Michael Lowy and Eleni Varika

Some, like Daniel Goldhagen, tried to explain Nazism in a perverse anti-Semitic German exclusively, while others such as Ernst Nolte, in a spirit visibly apologetic, talk about behavior "Asian" or imitation of the Bolsheviks. And if, as was soon seen Hannah Arendt, racism and anti-Semitism of the Nazis were more Western sources (1), and even filiations North America? Indeed, among the favorite reading of the founders of the Third Reich is the book from a highly representative American character: Henry Ford. Moreover, doctrines and scientific racist practices and legal policies of the United States had a significant impact on the current equivalent in Germany.

The American connection goes back first to the long tradition of making legal race - a tradition that has a great fascination about the Nazi movement from its beginnings. Indeed, for historical reasons, among others related to the practice continued for centuries, slavery of blacks, the United States offer the case may be unique for a metropolis that has exercised, and its own ground, an official racial classification as the basis of citizenship.

Whether the definitions of "whiteness" and "darkness" which, despite their instability, follow for three and a half centuries as legal categories, including immigration policies envied by Adolf Hitler in the 1920s or the practices of forced sterilization in some States several decades before the rise of Nazism in Germany, the American connection offers an ideal, although no single, to rethink the sources of Nazism as modern, the continuities unavowed it with certain political practices of Western societies (including democracy).
Forced sterilization institutionalized

Denounce anti-Semitism and judéocide is an important component of the dominant political culture of the United States today. Good. There is, however, an embarrassed silence on the links, affinities, connections between important figures of the economic and scientific elite of the country and Nazi Germany. Only in recent years that are published books that address these issues head on embarrassing. Two of these works seem to deserve special attention: The Nazi Connection (2), Stefan Kühl, and The American Axis (3), Max Wallace. Kühl is a German academic who has done research in the United States, and an American journalist Wallace long established in Canada.

"There is today a country where you can see the beginnings of a better conception of citizenship," wrote Hitler in 1924. He referred to the effort of the United States to maintain the "preponderance of the strain Nordic, for their policy on immigration and naturalization. The project of "racial hygiene" in Mein Kampf developed a model taking the Immigration Restriction Act (1924), which prohibited the entry of the United States to individuals suffering from hereditary diseases as well as migrants from Europe South and East. When, in 1933, the Nazis set up their program for the improvement of the population through forced sterilization and the regulation of marriage, they are openly inspired by the United States, where several states had already been applying for decades the sterilization of "deficient", a practice sanctioned by the Supreme Court in 1927.

The study remarkable Kühl traces this claim filiation studying the close relationship be forged between American and German eugenicists of the inter-war period, the transfer of scientific ideas and practices, legal and medical. Well documented and defended rigorously, the main thesis of the author is that the continuous and systematic support of American eugenicists with their German colleagues to the entrance of the United States in World War II, joining the most measures of the Nazi racial policies were an important source of legitimacy of the state scientific racist Hitler.

A against a considerable part of the dominant historiography, Kühl shows that American eugenicists who were seduced by the rhetoric of Nazi racial hygiene was not a handful of extremist or marginal but a considerable group of scientists whose enthusiasm has not lessened when the rhetoric became reality. The study of mutations of the relationship between the two scientific communities allows the German sociologist and historian to highlight the many aspects of the influence of pressure on supporters of racial hygiene "progress" of eugenics U.S. - including the effectiveness of an immigration policy that "combined the ethnic and eugenic selection" - and the success of the American eugenics movement by passing laws in favor of forced sterilization.

While, in the Weimar Republic, social workers and public health officials were concerned about reducing the costs of social protection, hygiene specialists racial eyes had turned to measures of forced sterilization practiced in several states North America to reduce the cost of "deficient". The reference to the United States the first country to institutionalize sterilization, abounds in all medical theories of the time. One explanation often advanced to explain the status of avant-garde enjoyed by the American eugenics was the presence of blacks, which would be "obliged very soon the white population to resort to a systematic program to improve the race." The same explanation will be advanced later by the apologetic American Nazi regime as the geneticist T. U. H. Ellinger, who compared the persecution of Jews in the brutal treatment of blacks in the United States.

With the rise of Nazism, the American eugenicists, such as Joseph DeJarnette, a member of a movement for the promotion of sterilization in Virginia, discovered with surprise and fascination "the Germans beat us at our own game .. . This does not, at least until the outbreak of war the United States (December 1941), their active support to the racist policies of the Nazis, nor is the silence of the vast majority of eugenicists before the persecution of Jews and Gypsies, blacks in the Third Reich. While eugenic community was not homogeneous, as illustrated by virulent denunciations of scientists as the socialist eugenicists Herman Muller and Walter Landauer; those of the Progressive geneticist L. C. Dunn and the famous anthropologist Franz Boas. But unlike the last two, which were critical of eugenics, and Landauer Muller led a critical "science" of Nazism, which, while denying the hierarchy of races, recognized the need to improve the human species through the promotion of reproduction of individuals "capable" and the prohibition of individuals "inferior."
Vocabulary biological, medical and health

Chapter 6 Book Kühl, "Science and racism. The influence of different concepts of race on attitudes toward the Nazi racist policies, "giving the lie to the thesis that the canonical trends" pseudo-science "of eugenics U.S. - responsible for the racist law from 1924 on immigration - have given way, since the 1930s, a more progressive eugenics "science" is a complete racial hygiene.

The complex type that built the author demonstrates that the differences within the American eugenics movement had nothing to do with its becoming more "scientific". He stressed that the struggle within the international scientific community about the Nazi racial policy was primarily a struggle between different scientific views on the improvement of race and science, and economic policies to achieve .

That is why the author proposes two concepts - "ethnic racism" and "genetic racism" - as he considers necessary to understanding the phenomenon studied. The first was openly condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal in 1946, for the second it was more difficult. On the one hand, most racial hygienists were not held (e) s for the forced sterilization of four hundred thousand people. On the other hand, recent research has shown that part of the prosecution tried to present the mass killings and experiences in the camps as a separate practice of "eugenics authentic."

In 1939, Ellinger wrote in the Journal of Heredity that persecution of Jews was not religious persecution, but "a project of large scale farming to eliminate the nation the hereditary attributes of the Semitic race." He added: "But when it comes to how the livestock project can be done with greater efficiency, once the politicians have decided on its desirability, even science can assist the Nazis. "A few years later, Karl Brandt, the head of the disposal of disabled people, said before the judge that he had been based on American experiences, some of which dated from 1907. He cited in his defense Alexis Carrel, one of our universities recently wore the name (4).

Wallace's book analyzes the relationship with the Nazis of two American icons of the twentieth century: the automobile manufacturer Ford and the aviator Charles Lindbergh. The latter, devoted heroes of aviation after crossing for the first time the Atlantic (1927), will play a significant political role in the 1930s, as American sympathizer of the Third Reich and, from 1939, as one of organizers (with Ford) in the campaign against Roosevelt, who was accused of wanting to intervene in Europe against the Axis Powers.

Less known, where Ford is more important. As Wallace shows very well - it is one of the strengths of his book - The International Jew (1920-1922), Ford (read "Henry Ford, the inspirer of Adolf Hitler"), inspired by the anti-Semitism more brutal, had a considerable impact in Germany. Translated into German in 1921, it was a major source of anti-Semitism and National Socialist ideas of Hitler. By December 1922, a reporter from The New York Times visiting Germany, says that "the wall behind the table of Hitler, in his private office is decorated with a large painting of Henry Ford." In the lobby, a table was covered with copies of Der Internationale Jude. Another article of the same American newspaper published in February 1923, statements of Erhard Auer, vice president of the Bavarian Diet, accusing Ford to finance Hitler, because he was in favor of its program for the "extermination of the Jews in Germany. "

Wallace notes that the article is one of the first known references to the projects manager Nazi exterminators. Finally, on 8 March 1923, in an interview with the Chicago Tribune, Hitler said: "We see Heinrich Ford as the leader of the growing fascist movement in America. (...) We admire particularly its anti-Semitic, which is the platform of the fascist Bavarian (5). In Mein Kampf, which appear two years later, the author pays tribute to Ford, the only person who resists the Jews in America, but its debt to the company is much more important. The ideas of The International Jew are omnipresent in the book, and some passages are taken literally, particularly regarding the role of Jewish conspirators in the revolutions in Germany and Russia.

A few years later, in 1933, when the Nazi party to power, Edmund Heine, manager of the German subsidiary of Ford, wrote to the secretary of the American industrialist, Ernest Liebold, to tell him that The International Jew was used by the new government to educate the German nation in the understanding of the "Jewish question" (6). By gathering this information, Wallace has established, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the American automaker was counted among the most significant sources of anti-Semitism of National Socialism.

As Wallace points out, Hitler was awarded to Ford in 1938, through the German consul in the United States, the great cross of the order of the Supreme German Eagle, a distinction created in 1937 to honor major foreign . Previously, the medal, a Maltese cross surrounded by a swastika, had been attributed to Benito Mussolini.

However, Wallace does not explain why, given the abundance of anti-Semitic Europe, particularly Germany, the author of Mein Kampf was so fascinated by the American. Why did he decorated his office a portrait of Ford, and not that of Paul Lagarde, Moeller van der Bruck and many other famous German anti-Semitic ideologues? Apart from the prestige associated with the name of the manufacturer, it seems that three reasons can explain this interest in The International Jew: the modernity of the argument, her vocabulary "organic," "medical" and "Health", its synthesis systematic, articulating in a grandiose speech, coherent and comprehensive, all anti-Semitic diatribes of the post-war and finally, its international outlook, global, worldwide.
"I've read and I became anti-Semitic"

Wallace shows, supporting documents, that Hitler was not the only one of the Nazi leaders to test the influence of the book produced in Dearborn. Baldur von Schirach, leader of the Hitlerjugend and later Gauleiter of Vienna, said at the Nuremberg trials: "The decisive anti-Semitic book that I read at that time, and the book which influenced my comrades, is that of Henry Ford, The International Jew. I read and I became anti-Semitic. "Joseph Goebbels and Alfred Rosenberg are also among the leaders who mentioned this book as a major reference of the ideology of National-Socialist Party of Germany (NSDAP) (7).

In July 1927, threatened with a libel and concerned about the declining sales of its cars, Ford had engaged in a retraction in good and due form. In a press release, he said without flinching "not having been informed of the contents of anti-Semitic articles appeared in The Dearborn Independent, and he asked the Jews' forgiveness for the harm inflicted unintentionally by the pamphlet The International Jew (8) . Considered disingenuous by a good part of the American press, however this statement has allowed Ford to escape criminal liability. It did not prevent him to continue to support, in-hand, a series of activities and publications for anti-Semitic (9).

Ford forerunner of Nazism has been largely overshadowed in the United States, to the great modern industrial sponsor of the car produced in series and sold cheaply. It is this man that the English writer Aldous Huxley had, ironically, in Brave New World (1932), as a modern deity, prayer addressed to "Our Ford" replacing the former led to "Our Lord" ( "Our Lord ").

This long embarrassed silence is understandable. The "case" Ford raises questions about the place of racism in North American culture and the relationship between our "Western civilization" and the Third Reich, between modernity and anti-Semitism as delusional, and economic progress human regression. The term "regression" is not relevant: a book like The International Jew could not have been written before the twentieth century, and Nazi anti-Semitism is also a radically new phenomenon. The Ford case casts a harsh light on the antinomies of what Norbert Elias called the "process of civilization."

The "Big Three" in figures

2009-05-16T05:18:00.000-07:00

General Motors: Global Business 9th with 9.350 million vehicles produced, 252 000 employees worldwide, and only 30.5% of its production is made in the United States, 38.7 billion dollars in profits in 2007, 21.2 billion losses between January and September 2008.

Ford: 13th World with 6.247 million vehicles produced, 224 000 employees, only 34.8% of its production is made in the USA, 2.7 billion profit in 2007, 11.6 billion of losses between January and September 2008.

Chrysler: not ranked in the top 500 global companies; 2.536 million vehicles produced, 65% of its production is made in the United States, 760 million profit in 2007, between 4.5 and 9 billion in losses between January and September 2008 .

French aid plan

2009-05-15T05:17:00.000-07:00

Renault and Citroen have ended the year with sales increasing (respectively +3.5% and +4.3%), even to consider distributions of dividends - the worst effect when both manufacturers are demanding public funds. For its part, Peugeot recorded a decline of 1.6%. However, three brands were a last quarter in free fall. Experts predict a further decline of 15% this year and on the massive job (eight miles announced over the disappearance of jobs interim). In France, all of the automobile represents seven hundred thousand direct jobs and nearly two and a half million jobs.

Bringing together the States General of the car on 20 January in Paris, the government has promised a plan for 5 to 8 billion euros to help domestic manufacturers - in addition to measures already taken: 1 billion for loans at reduced rates for credit builders (75% of cars are sold on credit), 300 million of aid to sub-contractors, 400 million for research of "clean cars" and "premium the case of 1 000 for every purchaser of new low-emission car, which allowed earlier in the year, boosted sales.

While money flows like water, that the technique extends unemployment and the number of jobs decreases, the Government indicated that it required. The Prime Minister François Fillon declared that there was no question of helping businesses that close "purely and simply sites in France. A few hours earlier, his Secretary of State for Industry, Luc Chatel, believed that "the increase in the share capital may, in some cases be a bargaining chip" (Le Figaro, 19 January 2009). The management of Renault, which the State holds 15% of the capital, left the door open to this possibility.

However, the chairman of the board of the Peugeot group, Christian Streiff, allocated its first education minister, rejecting any decision that would change "the distribution of our capital, our independence and freedom of action. (...) The State shall not replace the management company or its shareholders, "he added, stressing that" it is for them to find the best balance between needs financing, return on capital and market expectations "(Le Figaro, 20 January 2009). More money, yes. Public scrutiny and social use, not. The operator of the group has announced that it would continue to close production lines deemed too competitive.

As for the management of Renault, more urban in its expression, it does at least benefit from the crisis, says the General Labor Confederation (CGT) of the group to "give flat almost all agreements for enterprise ". And if it does not time to relocate more (1), it does in France and 44% of cars sold in the territory.

The french plan must be approved by the European Commission. Although all countries are experiencing a reduction in sales (in December, the decline was 6.6% in Germany, 13.3% in Italy and 49.9% in Spain ...), they do not all solutions.

Romanian workers are rolling Renault

2009-05-14T05:15:00.000-07:00

With their workforce deemed frugal, countries of the former Soviet bloc are a paradise of relocation. Not only the jobs destroyed in the West is to recreate the East NOBOB their social achievements, but they exert a downward pressure on wages in the West - dividing the European workers. Alas! Even the best mechanical burnished s'enrayent: Romania, employees of multinational firms earn higher wages, despite the threats of ... relocation.
By Stéphane Luzon

In the Romanian press, the titles on the strike on March 24 by workers of the factory Dacia - a subsidiary of Renault group - speak volumes about the perception of social movements in this country. "Doctor Union: the remedy against the investment," anticipates March 22 the daily Jurnalul National, "Dacia and ArcelorMittal: strikes to the limit of legality," installment, March 26, Cotidianul. The next day, the newspaper group Ringier, Evenimentul Zilei, claims that the strike will increase the price of the Dacia Logan from 50 to 80 euros.

These biases of journalists and analysts Romanian illustrate trauma experienced by the country, including the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceausescu and the instrumentalization by the power of social movements of juveniles in 1990 and 1991 (1). During the years of transition, social demands were associated by the media to the nostalgia of communist totalitarianism. A sufficient pretext for treating them pariahs.

This Romania "in transition" had a double image: for Western workers, a scarecrow in the shape of relocation and job transfers, for European investors, an Eldorado of globalization, where people work without complaint for less than 100 euros per month.

From autumn 2007, after several weeks of negotiations, the unions get the Liberal Prime Minister Calin Popescu-Tariceanu a reassessment of the minimum wage of 390 lei (107 euros) to 500 lei (137 euros), despite the comments "monetarists" of President Traian Basescu, Minister of Finance, Director of the National Bank and the press. But the 2008 years of association is more critical still.

If the situation changes is that Romania joined on 1 January 2007, the European Union (EU), leading - according to Mr. Petru Danda, Vice-President of the Cartel Alfa trade union - an alignment of prices on the tariffs of the European market, which has therefore resulted in a sharp increase in the cost of living. Hence the current wave of claims. " A few months after the Battle of the minimum wage, strikes broke out in Dacia and ArcelorMittal, creating first criticism from all sides, then a certain fascination.
Green light for Justice

Follow the progress of the strike in the Dacia plant in Pitesti, where are the cars Logan, allows a better understanding of what happened. Just launched on March 24, the movement is the subject of a complaint filed by the management of the plant against the Union Automobile Dacia (SAD). But on April 9, the court finds the Arges legal strike. A decision that the legal department of the subsidiary of Renault group would contrary to the Romanian law ...

Despite this rearguard action, the green light of justice takes, to unions, the appearance of divine surprise. Especially since the strike ArcelorMittal (2), it is suspended on 15 April by the court of Galati. Indeed, the law gives to strike any freedom to judges: it states that the movement "must not endanger the life or health". The factory managers do not hesitate to speculate on an industrial hazard, even if the workers meet the security conditions.

"You can not lay charges, but their state of corruption of justice in Romania is such that it would not be surprising that a number of decisions to suspend strike action is obtained in this way, Danda says. The entry of countries into the Union was threatened by a safeguard clause on the slow pace of justice reform, again in the spring of 2007 under pressure from Brussels. In this context, the trial court Arges, applauded by unions, is a boost for the movement.

But there is more: the open letter from the Director General of Dacia, François Fourmont, dated March 21, warning the workers that Logan could eventually be produced in Morocco or Ukraine. For Adrian Ursu, journalist and host of the "Eurosceptics", this threat was "either a coup de bluff, a gaffe, in any case an inappropriate statement at the time the conflict could find a solution." If workers have not taken seriously because it was "ridiculous," said for his part Mr. Danda: "Renault has invested more than 1 billion euros in Romania and can not from happen overnight. In addition to investment in equipment, the cost of training employees is high: from Romania would cost too much. "

If the threat is credible relocation of industries for unskilled labor, such as textiles, in the case of Dacia it seems like an aberration. It will only serve to bring together a wide range of social forces. Never in the history of social struggles in Romania, a union had received such widespread support that with SAD has benefited the union has offered the position 11 000 to compensate for loss of wages of workers dacia, the federation Universul 2 700 euros, while in France the French Democratic Labor Confederation (CFDT) Renault collected 10 and 000 workers of Renault Cléon 2 000 ...

Cartel Alfa expressed solidarity, as the federation of unions in the oil industry Petrom (3). Even the Social Democratic Party (PSD), better known for its ideological drift, support for privatization and profiteering was solidarity with the movement, bringing with him the Party of European Socialists (PES) (4).

And yet ... For years, the buyout Dacia by Renault in 1999, was presented as a happy tale of globalization. It was the story of a symbol of the working world is in Western Romania and solidified with the personal social dialogue closer than any other local ...

The restructuring Dacia peaceful moves for a case study of human resource management. It is partly the work of Bernard Brunhes Consultants firm, sought to organize the transition. Source of pride: a reduction plan, accepted by the unions, twenty-seven thousand to sixteen thousand people. Number of stories describing the "good time" of the arrival of French, where the human resources director, François Blanc, could quoting Heraclitus, to proclaim that "the beautiful harmony that is born different." The Director General of the day, Mr. Christian Estève, was pleased to have negotiated a staggered departures over several years, while the Romanian law allowed to send layoffs in two months (5).

Early retirement benefits, creation of a solidarity and development, retraining of personnel and aid to entrepreneurship: Dacia wanted a social model in a privatized factory of the former Eastern bloc. In addition to this successful business and financial results exceptional. The President and CEO Carlos Ghosn of Renault-trumpeted does he not, in March 2008, the operating margin achieved in the Logan is the highest of Renault (8%, against 2% for the whole group) ( 6)? As for Mr. Fourmont, announces a record profit of 100 million euros. Both prepare the production increase to four hundred thousand cars per year (7).

While patrons get drunk with glory and profit management, workers remember the promises not kept. Dacia leader since 1989, "put to bed" after the takeover by Renault, Mr. Constantin Stroe had ensured that Dacia workers earn wages sufficient to support a family. In early 2008, workers are still waiting, in the context of inflation reinforced by the rise in oil and grain.

To curb rising prices, management and government Romanian chorus demanding a reduction in wage pressure. This argument echoes that of the meeting of the Ecofin - Meeting of Finance Ministers of member countries of the Union - on 5 April in Ljubljana (Slovenia). "This is something unacceptable," says Dandi. Inflation is generated by factors that have nothing to do with the employees: the U.S. financial crisis and the price of food. I do not understand why the European finance ministers seek to pay the workers the cost of bank errors. "

If in Western Europe, this inflation "targeted" strikes painfully income households, it has, in Romania, devastating the food budget already devoured the first quarter of 2007, over 41% of income for a family ( 8). And for good reason: while the minimum wage is about ten times lower than the minimum wage (SMIC), food products are often the same price as in France.

Officially, the unemployment rate fell from 10.5% in 2000 to 4.3% in February 2008. It must be said that the departure of more than two million Romanians abroad since 1990, has dried up the labor reserves. Iron rule of the market economy, the scarcity of a good whose demand increases its value increases. This also applies to the work, including the skilled workforce in the automotive sector that Ford, a new investor could poach.
Transnational union bargaining?

"We do not yet suffer a wave of offshoring, said Ursu. Transfer of Nokia, leaving the German city of Bochum in the region of Cluj-Napoca, and assisted local government to settle, is certainly more representative of the Romanian Dacia strike. "

Presented as inevitable by the European Commission President José Manuel Barroso, relocation within the EU does not always seem to create a European social policy worthy of the name. While the inhabitants of Bochum protesting the destruction of Nokia phones, there was little in the Romanian press that the editorialist Ioana Lupea to question the economic and social costs in the medium term, a possible departure from the manufacturer phones. Relocation in Cluj causing the same damage as Bochum (9).

Comforted in their fight by threats of relocation, galvanized by court decision in favor of Arges, 85% of workers Dacia decided on 9 April, to continue the strike. They then débordèrent union leaders who considered reasonable offer from an increase of 300 lei (82 euros) made by management. After five thousand people gathered in the streets of Pitesti, the movement pulled on 11 April, an average increase of 360 lei (99 euros) - or 65% of the increase requested (10). The next day, workers returned to work.

Dacia strike will have enabled a step forward for Social Europe? The coming months will provide some answers. For these to be positive, should European trade unions and leftist parties are mindful of the coming conflict. On 6 May, a strike broke out in the factory Leoni Wiring, provider Dacia cables installed Mioveni. 9, the workers Silcotub, a subsidiary of the multinational Tenaris, in turn trigger a movement in Zalau. While the battle to maintain the plant Gandrange (Lorraine) continues, workers and European french ArcelorMittal they will seize this opportunity to support their Romanian counterparts and pave the way for transnational union bargaining?

Asian carambolages the Japanese automobile

2009-05-13T05:10:00.000-07:00

The new Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso - the fourth in two years - a more focused campaign within the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) on strengthening his country's military as the economic crisis. Yet the collapse of credit is not without impact on consumption. If Toyota is the world leader, the automaker faces competition. Beijing improves the quality of its models while Indian manufacturers rely on cheap cars.
By Odair Namihei

"If the economy goes well, the cars are selling well. "This adage reassured economists that has no value in Japan. For years, the car was among the most popular and the Japanese manufacturers had no difficulty in proposing models that met their expectations. Now, according to a survey by Gulliver International, a leader in the sale of used vehicles, 44% of the Japanese regard their car as a mere means of transport "(1). The sentimental attachment seems to have disappeared to make way for new products. It is a long time ago when families were moving at the dealership to see the latest news and imagine starting to discover the city or the countryside at the wheel of a particular model. The breakup of the family is without doubt something like the economic crisis of the 1990s. It has changed the consumption patterns of the population, which does most of vehicle as often as in the past.

Currently, according to the Federation of Japanese automobile manufacturers, a Japanese maintains an average of 6.8 years his car is 1.4 years more than ten years ago (8.1 years in France). The exhibition halls are less crowded and vendors are gray mine, including key moments of the year as the month of July, a period corresponding to the ideal payment by enterprises of bonuses to employees. In July 2007, the number of visits to the Nissan dealer has declined by nearly 50% over the same period last year.

"There is no doubt that the industry pays the price for a long period of crisis during which the light that the Japanese raised their car has totally changed," could be read in a report by the Federation of Manufacturers Automotive (2). The recent surge in oil prices is not to fix things. Only light vehicles (Kei Jidosha) whose cylinder capacity not exceeding 660 cm3 fared a little better: sales fell by only 5.1% in 2007 compared to the previous year, against 7 , 6% for other vehicles. Their low fuel consumption is a bonus for motorists who live in town and are confronted with difficult driving conditions.

The manufacturers know they must adapt to consumers who are not at all like those they knew there were still fifteen years. To win the youth, they turn to the cartoon characters. In March 2006, Mitsubishi signed an agreement with Sanrio, the copyright holder of the popular Hello Kitty character and uses the famous white cat in its advertisements and on its vehicles.
Clean vehicles for urban women

The brand is also trying to attract female clientele. Over the past ten years, the number of women who obtained their driving licenses has increased by 24% while at the same time, the male has increased by only 9%). To ensure that the public favors requiring the manufacturers compete imagination and appeal to the world of fiction while adding to their cars and accessories (rims, sunroof, etc..) That could make a difference.

Very attracted by light vehicles which are the main owners, women also are turning to cleaner cars. Manufacturers invest in developing more environmentally friendly vehicles that consume less gasoline. In 1997, Toyota, and the following year, Honda has put on the market for hybrid vehicles with a gasoline engine and electric motor. Competition among manufacturers has sharpened after the Japanese authorities' commitment to reduce by 6% carbon dioxide emissions in the framework of the Kyoto agreements. With its Prius, Toyota dominates the market followed closely by Honda and Nissan. Since 1997, Toyota has sold over one million hybrid vehicles around the world.

However, not only the domestic market is not as important to manufacturers than in the past, but for the first time in 2005, the number of Japanese cars produced abroad has exceeded the number of vehicles produced in Japan 10 929 918 against 10 893 529. A difference of 36 389 historic cars which speaks volumes about the evolution of the strategy of manufacturers.

Since the first plant located in Brazil in 1958 by Toyota, they have sought to adapt to the particularities of each market by setting up production units that respond to local needs. It is therefore not surprising that Toyota is now the world leader in the sector and that other firms multiplient creations factories abroad.

After having conquered the United States and Europe in the years 1980 and 1990, interest in China and in Southeast Asia. The urbanization of the Middle Kingdom and the enrichment of a portion of its population to contribute to a key objective of the Japanese manufacturers, who have concentrated their investments in the province of Canton. Honda it is first implemented in 1997 before being joined in 2003 by Nissan and Toyota in 2004. The choice of this region does not depend on luck. It is the most developed area of China, where focus a third of the population likely to purchase an automobile. For now, Shanghai is still the main production area, but experts believe that Township to delight the first place this year, thanks to the presence of Japanese manufacturers.

Canton was also chosen because of its geographical proximity to Southeast Asia, where the Japanese are also very present and where they intend to expand their operations. Even a free trade area within the Association of Peoples of the South-East Asia (ASEAN, ASEAN in English) is being established. Nissan intends to make this region's main center of production of spare parts, and announced include the creation of a supply center to Laem Chabang port located Thai hundred and thirty kilometers southeast of Bangkok, and that of export base in Indonesia.
Beijing at the conquest of Africa

For its part, in 2005, Mitsubishi has restarted production in Thailand of a pick-up for export. This increased presence in the region is one way to prepare to one day face competition from China. In 2005, Chinese production reached 5.7 million vehicles, largely absorbed by the market. But manufacturers already manifested a desire to export their cars. Also, the Japanese seek to anticipate this competition, they are fully aware.

At the motor show in Shanghai in April 2007, the skipper of Suzuki, Mr Hiroshi Tsuda, had not hidden his interest in the models presented by the Chinese, believing that they were now able to take shares in foreign markets, especially in emerging countries, where the primary requirement is the price (3). In this area, the builders of the Middle Kingdom seem quite capable to meet this criterion by creating and producing cars that will please a population eager to ride. With models sold between 4 000 and 5 000, they also begin to explore Africa. Great Wall Motor, Chery Automobile and Geely Group - the three largest Chinese private automobile - are very attentive to the African continent while Europeans and Japanese to give a lesser importance, whereas the second hand market.

It is true that most cars sold on the black continent are second hand from Europe. But when the price of a used Toyota is higher than a 4 × 4 brand new China, buyers are turning to the model of course made in China. Great Wall Motor has exported more than 50 000 vehicles in 2007, an increase of more than 50% over the previous year. In South Africa, it has already established a network of about twenty dealers and hopes to franchise a dozen more by the end of 2008. Africa now accounts for more than 30% of Chinese exports of vehicles. According to the International Business Times, Beijing is expected to sell over a million cars abroad in 2008 (4).

Present in developing countries where "criteria for greenhouse gas emissions and security are lower than elsewhere," as says Zheng Guoqing, the representative of Great Wall Motor in Africa , Chinese manufacturers know that the experience gained in these markets is an important first step before starting up the richer countries. "If we do not take them seriously, you risk a bad surprise. The Chinese are in the same situation as the Korean in the early 1990s. At the time we had used to say that Korean cars were cheap, so poor quality. But it took little time to get better at, "warned the monthly Japanese economic Wedge June 2007 (5). The magazine also recalled the words of President and CEO of Toyota, Mr. Hiroshi Okuda at the Tokyo Motor Show in autumn 2005: "The Hyundai cars are now among the elite. "

In the United States and Europe, Korean vehicles have become rivals for the Japanese brands. Improving the quality of these productions is largely due to technology transfer provided by the Japanese in the 1980s. Mitsubishi in this area was a pioneer, including Hyundai offering the means to produce spare parts that were previously manufactured in Japan. The Japanese know-how in the engine has gradually been transferred from the other side of the Strait of Tsushima.

The fear of the Japanese is to relive the same process with the Chinese, with this time of much more serious consequences, given the high production capacity and low-cost China. Beijing also is encouraging foreign manufacturers to produce spare parts in China, with imports surcharge. This allows local producers to acquire the technology they are lacking. But this is not their only weapon to capture the Japanese know-how. Some manufacturers employ highly skilled Japanese technicians to oversee their production. This was particularly the case of Mr. Ichiro Kawata, a former factory in Jeco, a leading supplier of spare parts for Toyota. Recruited in 2001 by Fudian, which produces popular minivans on the local market, Mr Kawata was tasked for four years to improve the production quality of the nine plants of the mark. Success: Fudian has improved 40% of its production. The presence of other engineers from Mitsubishi or Isuzu is no shortage of Japanese manufacturers worry more and more aware of the Chinese challenge.

That is why they focus on investment in new technologies to ensure a comfortable, especially in wealthy countries where motorists are demanding on the engine, consumption and comfort. Evidenced by the Global Vision 2020 released in November 2007 by the management of Toyota. The latter has decided to make its hybrid technology based on its future models and give more space robotics. The acquisition of the robot from Sony last fall gives full weight to this ambitious project. The Japanese company wants to regain the initiative on the local market, taking into account the socio-economic changes that have swept the archipelago over the past fifteen years as the acceleration of aging. This phenomenon, which many other developed countries will find themselves confronted, should allow Japanese manufacturers to explore new avenues of development, including computer-assisted driving or the use of robots.

The presence of the latter also aims to attract younger drivers whose childhood has often been rocked by the adventures of robots in the comics and animated films. Often regarded as the most difficult to win, these young Japanese to serve as guinea pigs to test vehicles which are then exported to the West. By investing in high technology adapted to new environmental and social requirements, the Japanese producers are preparing to confront the Chinese and Indian.

The heart of the American automobile stopped beating

2009-05-12T05:09:00.000-07:00

The heart of the American automobile stopped beating

Everywhere, the automotive industry reduced production, license and receives public funds. In Europe, sales of new cars fell by 7.8%, with a spectacular diving in Spain, the United Kingdom and Italy. In Japan, they fell by 6.5%, occurring at 1974. To the world, Toyota, the drop was 4% at the international level. In the United States, the fall is brutal, and the very existence of the big three is threatened.
By Laurent Carrou

Symbols of the American way of life and the conquering of America after the war - Charles Wilson, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the company, said he does not, in 1953, "what is good for America is good for General Motors, and vice versa? - The three major U.S. automobile manufacturers, the "Big Three", General Motors (GM), Ford and Chrysler are bankrupt and in danger of extinction.

As brutal as it is, the current crisis is the culmination of a long process of decline of companies led by an arrogant management and autism, the only obsessed with profitability and, taking excessive salaries at the image of a large part of American managerial elite. Thus, the Ford boss Alan Mulally, has reached 21 million in 2007, the family heirs of the founder of the company were granted 40% of the voting rights on the board of directors, although they do have only 6% of the capital.

Faced with the competition, these directions have been unable to modernize, renovate their product lines, reduce the number of their brands and innovating. They make most of their profits on vehicles (SUV) and large 4 X 4 very fuel efficient, which represented 60% of their sales in 2006 and 90% for Chrysler. This explains their intense lobbying campaigns in Congress to avoid the imposition of stringent environmental standards.

Between 1990 and 2007, domestic production fell by 26%, falling to 3.9 million cars, while the trade deficit in the sector rose from 46 to 125 billion dollars. The inability of manufacturers to meet the new demands of consumers is reflected in the continual erosion of the place of the "Big Three" on their domestic market, which fell to 46.5% in December 2008, against 51.3% in 2007 and 65% in 2000 (1) - and despite promotional campaigns and discounts sometimes ruinous. The proliferation of disposals of subsidiaries (in 1999 Delphi, Visteon in 2000), social plans and plant closures resulting in a sharp erosion of jobs. Between 2000 and 2007, employment in the entire industry rose from 1.16 million to 869 000, to finish at 732 000 in September 2008, including 239 000 direct jobs in the "Big Three", 113 000 in foreign manufacturers and 380 to 000 suppliers and subcontractors directly.
Three million jobs under threat

In contrast, the Japanese - particularly Toyota - have captured 45% of the U.S. market in 2008, against 9% for the European groups, with a diversified and focused, fuel efficient, well known for quality and competitive. These Japanese companies have massively reduced their imports and have 17 factories employing 65 000 direct employees. Their products on American soil have soared by 296 000 vehicles in 1985 to 3.3 million in 2007. Now, 63% of Japanese cars sold in the United States are produced locally.

These increases have resulted in a shift of new territorial units of production to a Grand Southeast (Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, North Carolina and South Georgia ...) whose share in national production has doubled during the same period, reaching 15%, playing on the low unionization, low wages and tax dumping local authorities and the various federal states. Note that, with the exception of North Carolina (extreme accuracy), these states have voted John McCain in the presidential election of 2008.

In one year, the structural problems accumulated by the "Big Three" have turned into tsunami. The economic and financial crisis caused a collapse of historic annual sales in the United States (- 18% in 2008) in an area very sensitive to changes in purchasing power, the rise in fuel prices at the debt and credit conditions, and household confidence in the future (2). The drop in sales is dramatic Chrysler (- 30%), which is at the end of the roll: witness the failure of marriage with Nissan and General Motors, conducted in November 2008 by the investment fund Cerberus Capital Management, which owns 80% of its capital since the withdrawal of the German Daimler-Benz.

The situation is also very difficult for General Motors (- 23%), which announced on 7 January 2009 a reduction of 53% of its production for the next three months and it is no more successful at Ford (- 21% ). Just during the first nine months of 2008, these companies - already over-indebted and whose market capitalization has collapsed - have accumulated $ 42 billion of losses. Financially strangled, they are virtually bankrupt and have as the only solution is to call for state intervention to save the sinking.

The Center for Automotive Research estimates that the disappearance of the "Big Three" would be a real earthquake (3): industrial and social, with the deletion of nearly 3 million direct and indirect jobs (steel, mechanical, plastics, electronics and services ); economic and tax, with the loss of 150.7 billion dollars in wages and social contributions to the economy, and 60.1 billion dollars in tax revenue for the state. In addition, the earthquake focus its main direct effect on the Manufacturing Belt of North-east - which voted heavily for Mr. Barack Obama. Indeed, the belt of the Great Lakes - with Michigan, Ohio and Indiana - includes half of the country's automotive jobs and 80% of plants of the three manufacturers.

In fact, as stressed by the Economic Policy Institute in Washington (4), the explosion spread to a large part of the country, given the role of training in the automotive industries - Mr. Obama has spoken the "backbone of American industry - and the whole of the national economy. In total, ten focus two-thirds of the 3 million jobs at risk (particularly California, Texas, the State of New York or Florida). Ten states that make up the lung and economic policy of the United States and are already hard hit by the subprime crisis (5). It is no longer alone, as can be seen, save Detroit but rescue a large part of the strategic activity of the country. Hence the fierce political debates around the adoption (or not) of a rescue plan supported by the Federal Government and its implementing rules.

Contrary to the speed with which the Republican government, the Treasury and the Federal Reserve (Fed) had mobilized to save the financial system during the summer and autumn 2008 by mobilizing more than 700 billion dollars, the possible rescue automotive group has encountered many objections and difficulties. Beginning in November, the Treasury refused to help fund a possible merger between General Motors and Chrysler, which was considered risky and an immediate cost of $ 10 billion.

A bout of breath due to the acceleration of their financial losses in the third quarter of 2008, the three manufacturers then ask aid of 25 billion dollars, half of which is to recapitalize and the other to fund the Health Insurance 780 000 retirees of the car. Not to mention the loan of $ 25 billion voted in the fall by Congress to develop a range of more efficient cars and not yet paid at the beginning of 2009. Certainly, the elected Democrats, with the support of Mr. Obama, wrote to Mr. Henry Paulson, as Treasury Secretary, calling for the "Big Three" are among the beneficiaries of the Stabilization Act to save Wall Street, which releases 700 billion dollars, and do not, in exchange, a partial nationalization of their capital. The administration of George W. Bush refuses at first, to the skepticism of a large part of public opinion and the virulent attacks of elected Republicans like Richard M. Selby, senator from Alabama, where many are concentrated manufacturers of automotive plants in Asia and Europe.

On 2 December, the three CEOs of the three manufacturers are again asking Congress to support plan, not 25 but over 34 billion dollars, highlighting the drastic reduction of production and the removal of a third to half the jobs, the recasting of the commercial networks 14 000 dealers, a halving of the debt and leaving over three years for new models more efficient and less polluting. Despite a positive opinion of the House of Representatives, dominated by Democrats, the Senate refused by 52 votes against 35, a plan of assistance. This could lead manufacturers to straight bankruptcy.

Mr. Bush is therefore compelled to reverse. On 12 December, he agreed in extremis to grant a loan of 13.4 billion dollars, drawn on the funds to rescue the banking system (TARP), General Motors and Chrysler, with draconian and unrealistic conditions, such as return the balance as at 31 March 2009. This breathing helps groups to survive and pass the hot potato "to the Democratic administration. In addition, December 31, the change of status of General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) - Corporate Financial Services and credit automobile holding company - which gives the Treasury the right to inject 6 billion dollars. GMAC employs 26 700 employees and serves 15 million customers but lost $ 8 billion in two years, in particular on the subprime market speculation.

Employees are the first and principal victims of the negligence of their strategic leadership. Two major labor and social, are open at this crisis. First, beyond the melting drastic staffing profile is the general reduction in wages - so far relatively high thanks to the power of the United Auto Workers (UAW) union of the car in 1935 based - which would be aligned with standards far less favorable to the plants of the Southeast. This brutal competitive wage setting, even within the United States ultimately mean a serious decline in income of all employees in the industry, the agreements among the "Big Three" often used in reference nationally.

Second, while the three manufacturers provide directly, such as all major U.S. companies, social security (health, retirement) of 2 million employees and retirees, it would be brutally challenged. This system has often been attacked, and for years, in the name of competitiveness, by the proponents of a less social-called because it would weigh too heavily on prices. According to the Boston Consulting Group, in fact it would cost 1 500 dollars per vehicle produced at General Motors, as against $ 400 for Toyota and Honda, where jobs are more recent and the pension system less favorable (6). A major reason is the growing imbalance between the number of assets and number of pensioners, because of the job: General Motors and Ford pay about 750 000 pensioners per 160 000 employees in the United States. A 2007 agreement between the companies and the UAW has led to the creation of a specific fund to support pensions and health insurance for retirees, from 2010. We measure the impact of the absence of a single national solidarity and social protection as is known in continental Europe.
Impact chain in the world

Without waiting for her official duties, Mr. Obama announced on January 6, a comprehensive plan of 825 billion dollars to create nearly 3 million jobs in two years, including 300 billion in tax cuts supports the purchasing power of families, 300 billion in the reconstruction of infrastructure and 200 billion to help states to finance the deficit of health programs (Medicaid) to the poor.

For its part, the Fed announced a new effort of 900 billion dollars "to revive the credit market (real estate, automobile, student loans and small and medium enterprises) in the first quarter of 2009, particularly by buying securities Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and twelve regional banks. If such support can foster a new application, they do affect the structural problems. The future of American automobile remains unresolved.

The collapse of the "Big Three" also challenges the international. In the very short term, the sharp decline in the first world has a very large impact, because of asymmetric interdependence woven with the internationalization of production systems and commercial corporations. Japanese groups Toyota, Honda and Nissan make the United States between 60% and 70% of their global profits, and the market absorbs respectively one third and half of European and Japanese exports.

Under the Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the two production sites in Mexico and Canada are particularly affected by the threats to employment and plants: their large neighbor absorbs 80 to 95% of their exports, while the "Big Three" played a central role in this dominant sector of their domestic industry. In Canada, it represents 12% of gross domestic product (GDP), 150 000 jobs across 416 factories located mainly in Ontario and in Mexico, it totals 15% of GDP and 14% of the population in 673 factories. This dependence explains that on 20 December 2008 - just after the American plan of Mr. Bush - the Canadian government has announced an assistance of $ 2.3 billion to the three builders, provided to maintain employment .

But the strong industrial presence of U.S. subsidiaries in the European Union - where the car totaled 2.25 million jobs and 10.3 million jobs - also pose a very serious threat to some countries, such as UK Vauxhall (GM), Germany with Opel (GM) and Sweden (Volvo bought by Ford in 1999, Saab subsidiary of GM since 1989). In these countries, the political battle is also raging around the form of the intervention.

Saved or not, the "Big Three" should in all cases significantly cutting into their global production systems, particularly in Europe and Asia. Having failed in March 2008, British firms Jaguar and Land Rover to Indian Tata group - which takes advantage of the crisis to seek assistance in December 2008 of 1 billion pounds (nearly 1.1 billion euros) in government UK - Ford proposes to sell Volvo, a decision that comes after the sale of 33.4% stake it held in Japanese Mazda 538 million (7). For its part, General Motors is looking to sell Saab, after finally leaving the capital of Japanese Suzuki.

In six months, the crisis of the automobile has spread throughout the sector globally. Evidenced by the proliferation of plans layoffs, closures of facilities and technical measures of unemployment in Europe and Asia or the financing plan of $ 2.3 billion in disaster adopted by Brazil in December 2008 to support the national application. This drop does not obscure the profound geoeconomic facing the industry since a decade.

Indeed, according to data from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle, world production had increased from 53.1 to 73.1 million vehicles between 1997 and 2007 (+ 37.7%). It fell to 67.9 million in 2008 (- 7%), marking the end of a cycle of exceptional growth has been accompanied by a brutal restructuring of global equilibrium. It has been witnessed over the last ten years, with a relative stability of production in the NAFTA, the American decline being offset by the rise of Mexico and in Western Europe, although national differences are profound. But as the world exploded, their share fell from 60% to 44%.

In contrast, during the same period, Asia - up from 33% to 40.5% of global production - produces two thirds of global growth while Latin America, the ex-Europe East - became an annex productive capacity models and low-end of Western Europe - and the former Soviet Union are experiencing a new dynamism. While the developed countries of the Triad (the United States, European Union, Japan) markets are relatively saturated renewal, particularly in productive overcapacity competitive, emerging economies are experiencing the opposite a very strong development. It complies with enormous socio-economic: if the rate of motorization reach 824 for 1 000 in the United States and 593 in the European Union, falling to 127 in Brazil, 28 in China and 13 in India.

Global markets remain for the moment dominated by a few large groups from the Triad. Over fifty major, the first five (Toyota, General Motors, Volkswagen, Ford, Hyundai) have 48% of world production and the top ten - including Fiat, Renault and Peugeot - 70%. But like Japan, then South Korea, the major emerging countries seeking to develop progressively their own technological and industrial bases and their national champions (8). Some, such as Tata of India, are beginning to internationalize and integrate into networks of industry and technology alliances.

Emblematic of the changes in progress balances geoeconomic and geopolitical world, the collapse of the "Big Three" is the new U.S. administration of the challenges of public policies and industrial unreleased: the control of a sector automobile coherent, dynamic and bearer of innovations is a challenge for the future of a world power.

Three layers in the human brain

2009-05-10T00:30:00.000-07:00

Human brain consists of three layers: first layer located on the outside (the leaves) is called edge layer ego (rational); second layer that is located in the middle, is a layer of the associative (emotional), and the third layer in the center is a unifier (spiritual).

With a description like that, Zohar and Marshall suggested that in life, combining the human capital of IQ as a material, as with the EQ of social capital, and SQ as spiritual capital. Step combination is expected to change the paradigm in a variety of human life: to become indifferent concern, manipulation into empowerment, and flexibility into rigid discipline. Result, many companies that conduct charitable activities and philanthropy give the funds in companies that benefit from the overflow.

Strength of the brain: extraordinary

2009-05-03T02:35:00.000-07:00

Strength of the brain: extraordinary

Indeed, the human brain has a tremendous strength. However, the tremendous strength that is often only form of stored potential because they do not see eye to eye in use. According to UCLA brain research institute, the potential human brain to create, save, and learning can be said is not limited. During a living human only uses a small part only of the ability to think, the scholars of Russian Ivan Jefremov.

In general, the human brain divided in two parts: the left brain and right brain. The left brain to process all kinds of numbers, mathematics, language, and the other concerning logic. While the right brain to process all kinds of beauty, art, taste, creativity and all things that are verbal. Emotional control and self-awareness is also located on the right brain.

Of the overall ability of the brain, only use a maximum of only 10% that is used every day. The rest is left idle.

How to translate the text using the google translator

2009-05-02T04:39:00.000-07:00

Google translator is a web service that offers translators. In the use of very simple and easy to use as follows:

1. search text that will be translated. For this I recommend using content from the Indonesian rizkymf.blogspot.com. select and copy
2. open http / / translate.google.com
3. select the text and on the web
4. paste the text in the box provided
5. select the language of origin and the destination language
6. click translate
7. results of the translation shown in the box to the right

Five kinds of circumstances, and vice versa

2009-05-01T02:30:00.000-07:00

Five kinds of circumstances, and vice versa

Take advantage of five kinds of (opportunities) come before the five kinds of circumstances
(Vice versa), namely:

1. life before death
2. healthy before death
3. when the narrow field before (busy)
4. young before old
5. rich before poor

while reading this, surely our hearts and mind to momentarily subside shortly. We also wonder whether all the opportunities we have for this we have utilized as well as possible? how do you ???????

Error in creating a blog

2009-04-30T04:31:00.000-07:00

1. using the free content available on the Internet to be used in your blog
2. does not reply to responses
3. does not promote the most of your blog
4. use not a template and a template which is called adsense ready blogger template
5. into other people not to become self -
6. does not maintain cooperation with other bloggers
7. a Copycat
8. feel difficult to make a blog
9. install too many ads
10. no ads
11. create a blog only for money
12th create a blog for people to deceive others
13. does not create high quality content and do not have high paying keywords
14. does not maintain a blog carnival
15. not visit rizkymf.blogspot.com (Just kidding)
16. does not write for example when the current issues of this post: swine flu
17. does not apply google adsense
18. Unacceptable site content: In order to participate in Google AdSense. Because of your blog must meet the following criteria as. Guidelines:

- Website you must be your own top-level domain (www.example.com
rather than www.example.com / mysite).
- Your domain must have registered and active for at least 6
months before you apply for AdSense.
- You must provide accurate personal information with your application
that match the information on your domain registration.
- Your website must contain substantial, original content.
- Your site must comply with Google AdSense program policies
(https: / / www.google.com/adsense/policies?hl=en_US), which include
Google's webmaster quality guidelines:
# http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/answer.py?answer=35769&hl=en_US quality.

the end of the population

2009-04-23T04:52:00.000-07:00

Nobody being the wiser for certain restrictions and at the end of the human population.

Group pessimistic predict that human history will end because of hunger, of war, there is no source of drinking water, there is no balance between the oxygen with the oxygen.

Group is optimistic that the restrictions will be valid in it self, is influenced by the environment.

development

2009-04-22T04:49:00.000-07:00

Three basic requirements so that development can be sustainable:

1. economic
2. social culture
3. ecology
from the above economic conditions are most important. why?

because :
if a project does not meet the requirements of the economy will go bankrupt and must be given the subsidy. To avoid bankruptcy, all development projects must be by a feasibility study.

attitude when working

2009-04-21T04:34:00.000-07:00

attitude when working

in a job you must have the attitude that you support the work. Attitude when the following work:

• hold a positive
• Right time: No early = slow.
• Be prepared: If you do not manage themselves will not bias the other.
• Fill in all the activities with the working time.
• Appropriate targets.
• The goal here is to work achievement.
• Believe in the goal / target is reached.
• Work hard, fixed smile.
• Have confidence, avoidance surrender.
• Controlling oneself.
• Maintain product.
• The name of the company, boss, colleagues: It is the name of good time.
• Responsible / discipline in appearance, and the company rules.
• Learning continues, it is better to hold.